Semiconductor devices including bit line contact plug and peripheral transistor

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device having a cell area and a peripheral area includes a semiconductor substrate, a cell insulating isolation region delimiting a cell active region of the semiconductor substrate in the cell area, a word line disposed within the semiconductor substrate in the cell area, a bit line contact plug disposed on the cell active region, a bit line disposed on the bit line contact plug, a peripheral insulating isolation region delimiting a peripheral active region of the semiconductor substrate in the peripheral area, and a peripheral transistor including a peripheral transistor lower electrode and a peripheral transistor upper electrode. The bit line contact plug is formed at the same level in the semiconductor device as the peripheral transistor lower electrode, and the bit line electrode is formed at the same level in the semiconductor device as the peripheral transistor upper electrode.

PRIORITY STATEMENT

This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 14/527,450,filed Oct. 29, 2014, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No.13/864,347, filed Apr. 17, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,901,645, issuedDec. 2, 2014, which is a Continuation of application Ser. No.13/072,907, filed Mar. 28, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,461,687, issuedJun. 11, 2013, which claims the benefits of priorities under 35 U.S.C.§119 from Korean Patent Applications Nos. 10-2010-0031560,10-2010-0031562, and 10-2010-31564 filed on Apr. 6, 2010.

BACKGROUND

The inventive concepts relate to semiconductor devices having bit linecontact plugs and buried channel array transistors, methods offabricating the semiconductor devices, and to a semiconductor module, anelectronic circuit board, and an electronic system including suchsemiconductor devices.

As semiconductor devices become more highly integrated, the architectureof semiconductor devices and processes of fabricating semiconductordevices are gradually becoming more elaborate and complicated. To meetthe demand for highly integrated semiconductor devices, a buried wordline structure, a buried channel array transistor, and 6F2 layoutarchitecture have been suggested.

SUMMARY

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an embodiment ofa semiconductor device including a semiconductor substrate, a cellinsulating isolation region, a word line, a bit line contact plug, a bitline, a peripheral insulating isolation region, and a peripheraltransistor having electrodes disposed at the same levels in thesemiconductor device as the bit line contact plug and electrode of thebit line, respectively. The cell insulating isolation region is disposedwithin the semiconductor substrate in a cell area of the semiconductordevice, and delimits a cell active region of the semiconductor substratein the cell area. The word line extends in the semiconductor substratein the cell area of the semiconductor device. The bit line contact plugis disposed on the cell active region. The bit line is disposed on thebit line contact plug and comprises a bit line electrode. The peripheralinsulating isolation region is disposed within the semiconductorsubstrate in a peripheral area of the semiconductor device, and delimitsa peripheral active region of the semiconductor substrate in theperipheral area. The peripheral transistor has a lower electrodedisposed on the peripheral active region of the semiconductor substrateand an upper electrode disposed on the lower electrode. The bit linecontact plug occupies the same level in the semiconductor device as thelower electrode of the peripheral transistor. The bit line electrodeoccupies the same level in the semiconductor device as the upperelectrode of the peripheral transistor.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided a semiconductormodule having a plurality of semiconductor devices at least one of whichis a semiconductor device having the features described above, a moduleboard to which the semiconductor devices are mounted, and module contactterminals disposed in parallel along one edge of the module board. Themodule contact terminals are electrically connected to the semiconductordevices, respectively.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an electronicsystem having a control unit, an input unit, an output unit, a storageunit, and a communication unit, wherein at least one of the unitsincludes a semiconductor device having the features described above.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an embodiment ofa semiconductor device including a cell insulating isolation region, aplurality of word lines, bit line contact plugs, first and second bitlines, a peripheral insulating isolation region, surface insulatinglayer, a peripheral transistor whose electrodes are disposed at the samelevels in the semiconductor device as the bit line contact plugs and theelectrodes of the bit lines, respectively. The cell insulating isolationregion is provided within the semiconductor substrate in a cell area ofthe semiconductor device, and delimits cell active regions of thesemiconductor substrate in the cell area. Thus, the cell insulatingisolation region electrically isolates the cell active regions from oneanother. The word lines each extend in the semiconductor substrate inthe cell area of the semiconductor device. The bit line contact plugsare disposed on the cell active regions, respectively. The bit lineseach extend longitudinally on the semiconductor substrate in a firstdirection, with the first and second bit lines alternately disposed in asecond direction perpendicular to the first direction. The peripheralinsulating isolation region extends within the semiconductor substratein a peripheral area of the semiconductor device, and delimits aperipheral active region of the semiconductor substrate in theperipheral area. The surface insulating layer may be disposed over thesemiconductor substrate and interposed between a first segment of thefirst bit line and the cell active region on which said one of the bitline contact plugs is disposed and between a second segment of thesecond bit line and the cell insulating isolation region The peripheraltransistor has a lower electrode disposed on the peripheral activeregion of the semiconductor substrate, and an upper electrode disposedon the lower electrode. The first segment of the first bit line isvertically aligned with and disposed on one of the bit line contactplugs, and the corresponding the second segment of the second bit lineclosest to the first bit line in the second direction is verticallyaligned with and disposed on the cell insulating isolation region. Thebit line contact plug occupies the same level in the semiconductordevice as the lower electrode of the peripheral transistor, and the bitline electrodes of the first and second bit lines occupy the same levelin the semiconductor device as the upper electrode of the peripheraltransistor.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an embodiment ofa method of fabricating a semiconductor device in which a bit linecontact plug and bit line electrode are formed at the same level in thesemiconductor device as electrodes of a peripheral transistor,respectively. A cell insulating isolation is formed in a first portionof a semiconductor substrate constituting a cell area of thesemiconductor device so as to delimit a cell active region. A word lineis formed in the first portion of the semiconductor substrateconstituting the cell area. The bit line contact plug is formed on thecell active region. A bit line is formed on the bit line contact plug. Aperipheral insulating isolation region is formed in a second portion ofthe semiconductor substrate constituting a peripheral area of thesemiconductor device so as to delimit a peripheral active region. Aperipheral transistor, comprising the peripheral transistor lowerelectrode and peripheral transistor upper electrode, is formed on thesecond portion of the semiconductor substrate constituting theperipheral area. The bit line contact plug and the lower electrode ofthe peripheral transistor are formed at the same level in thesemiconductor device. The bit line electrode and the upper electrode ofthe peripheral transistor are also formed at the same level in thesemiconductor device.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an embodiment ofa method of fabricating a semiconductor device in which, through the useof a patterning process, a lower electrode of a peripheral transistor isformed at the same level in the semiconductor device as a bit linecontact plug. A word line is formed in a first portion of asemiconductor substrate constituting a cell area of the semiconductordevice. A first insulating layer is formed over the first portion of thesemiconductor substrate corresponding to the cell area of thesemiconductor device and over a second portion of the semiconductorsubstrate corresponding to the peripheral area of the semiconductordevice. The first insulating layer is formed to be thicker on the firstportion of the semiconductor substrate constituting the cell area thanon the second portion of the semiconductor substrate constituting theperipheral area. A first electrode layer is formed on the firstinsulating layer in the peripheral area. A bit line contact plug isformed to extend through the first insulating layer in the cell area,and so as to be electrically conductively connected to the semiconductorsubstrate. A barrier layer is formed over the first insulating layer,the bit line contact plug, and the first electrode layer. A secondelectrode layer is formed over the barrier layer. A bit line is formedin the cell area and a peripheral transistor is formed in the peripheralarea, including by patterning the second electrode layer and the barrierlayer.

According to the inventive concepts, there is provided an embodiment ofa method of fabricating a semiconductor device in which an electrode ofa peripheral transistor is formed at the same level in the semiconductordevice as a bit line contact plug, and a bit line and an upper portionof a peripheral transistor are formed by common processing of asemiconductor substrate. A trench is formed in a first portion of thesemiconductor substrate constituting a cell area and in a second portionof the semiconductor substrate constituting a peripheral area of thesemiconductor device. Then the trench in the cell area and in theperipheral area is filled with insulating material, to thereby form atrench type of cell insulating isolation region delimiting a cell activeregion in the cell area, and a trench type of peripheral insulatingisolation region delimiting a peripheral active region in the peripheralarea. A buried word line that crosses the cell active region and thecell insulating isolation region is formed. Peripheral transistorinsulation is formed on the semiconductor substrate in the peripheralarea, and surface insulating layer covering sidewalls of the bit linecontact plug is formed on the semiconductor substrate in the cell area.A lower electrode of a peripheral transistor is formed on the peripheraltransistor insulating layer, and the bit line contact plug is formed onthe cell active region, by processes wherein the lower electrode and thebit line contact plug are completed at the same time and are formed atthe same level in the semiconductor device. A surface insulating layercovering sidewalls of the bit line contact plug and the peripheraltransistor lower electrode are formed. Then, a bit line is formed on thebit line contact plug, and simultaneously an upper portion of theperipheral transistor is formed on the peripheral transistor lowerelectrode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The inventive concepts will be better understood from the followingdetailed description of embodiments thereof made below with reference tothe accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the drawings mayexaggerate various aspects of the embodiments for clarity.

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the layout of embodiments ofsemiconductor devices in accordance with the inventive concepts;

FIG. 1B is a sectional view of an embodiment of a semiconductor devicein accordance with the inventive concepts;

FIGS. 2A to 2F are each a sectional view of a respective embodiment ofsemiconductor device, in accordance with the inventive concepts, withregions (a), (b), (c) and (d) in each of the figures being regions alonglines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′ and D-D′ of FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 3A to 3C are each a longitudinal sectional view taken along lineC-C′ in FIG. 1A, and each illustrating a region of a respectiveembodiment of a semiconductor device where several bit line contactplugs are provided, in accordance with the inventive concepts;

FIGS. 4A to 4L are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 5A to 5G are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 6A to 6I are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 7A to 7E are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 8A to 8B are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 9A to 9E are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 10A to 10I are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 11A to 11J are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 12A to 12G are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 13A to 13F are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 14A to 14D are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 15A to 15J are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 16A to 16F are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 17A to 17F are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 18A to 18J are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 19A to 19H are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 20A 20K are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 21A 21K are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 22A 22K are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 23A 23K are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIGS. 24A 24I are each a sectional view and together illustrate anembodiment of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts, wherein regions (a), (b), (c)and (d) in each of the figures are regions along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′,and D-D′ in FIG. 1A, respectively;

FIG. 25A is a schematic diagram of an example a semiconductor moduleincluding a semiconductor device in accordance with the inventiveconcepts;

FIG. 25B is a block diagram of an example of an electronic circuit boardincluding a semiconductor device in accordance the inventive concepts;and

FIG. 25C a block diagram of an example of an electronic system includinga semiconductor device in accordance with the inventive concepts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments and examples of embodiments of the inventive conceptwill be described more fully hereinafter with reference to theaccompanying drawings. In the drawings, the sizes and relative sizes andshapes of elements, layers and regions, such as implanted regions, shownin section may be exaggerated for clarity. In particular, thecross-sectional illustrations of the semiconductor devices andintermediate structures fabricated during the course of theirmanufacture are schematic. Also, when like numerals appear in thedrawings, such numerals are used to designate like elements.

Furthermore, spatially relative terms, such as “upper,” and “lower” areused to describe an element's and/or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) and/or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Thus, thespatially relative terms may apply to orientations in use which differfrom the orientation depicted in the figures. Obviously, though, allsuch spatially relative terms refer to the orientation shown in thedrawings for ease of description and are not necessarily limiting asembodiments according to the inventive concept can assume orientationsdifferent than those illustrated in the drawings when in use.

It will also be understood that when an element or layer is referred toas being “on” or “connected to” another element or layer, it can bedirectly on or directly connected to the other element or layer orintervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when anelement or layer is referred to as being “directly on” or “directlyconnected to” another element or layer, there are no interveningelements or layers present. The same holds true for an element or layerdescribed as being interposed “between” two features.

It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third etc.are used herein to describe various elements, regions, layers, etc.,these elements, regions, and/or layers are not limited by these terms.These terms are only used to distinguish one element, layer or regionfrom another.

Furthermore, spatially relative terms, such as “upper,” and “lower” areused to describe an element's and/or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) and/or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Thus, thespatially relative terms may apply to orientations in use which differfrom the orientation depicted in the figures. Obviously, though, allsuch spatially relative terms refer to the orientation shown in thedrawings for ease of description and are not necessarily limiting asembodiments according to the inventive concept can assume orientationsdifferent than those illustrated in the drawings when in use. Inaddition, the term “surface” as used alone or as preceded by “upper”,“top” or “bottom” generally refers to a surface of a layer or featurethat is the uppermost or bottommost surface of that layer or feature inthe orientation depicted, as would be clear from the drawings andcontext of the written description. The term “similar” is used to meanthe same or substantially same. Also, the term “the same level” (in thesemiconductor device) will be readily understood by those skilled in theart of semiconductor device architecture, as mainly referring to“coplanar” when used to described surfaces or as mainly referring to“occupying the same layer” when used to described features. With respectto the latter, two features described as being disposed at or occupying“the same level” in the semiconductor device may mean that the uppersurfaces of the features are substantially coplanar and that the lowersurfaces of the features are also substantially coplanar, althoughslight deviations are possible and still allow for the features to beconsidered as occupying the same level in the semiconductor device.

An example of a layout of semiconductor devices in accordance with theinventive concepts will now be described with reference to FIG. 1A andFIG. 1B.

Referring first to FIG. 1A, semiconductor devices according to theinventive concepts have a cell area CA and peripheral area PA. The cellarea CA may include a cell insulating isolation region 2 c (or regionssuch as when considered in section as shown in the drawing), cell activeregions 3 c, and word lines 4 in a semiconductor substrate 1. The cellarea CA may further include bit lines 7 and bit line contact plugs 6above/on the semiconductor substrate 1. The peripheral area PA includesa peripheral insulating isolation region 2 p and a peripheral activeregion 3 p in the semiconductor substrate 1. The peripheral area PA alsoincludes a peripheral transistor 8 above/on the semiconductor substrate1.

The cell area CA may include a plurality of regularly arranged celltransistors and/or a plurality of cell capacitors. The peripheral areaPA may include a plurality of peripheral transistors such as CMOStransistors which may compose logic circuits. The cell active regions 3c may be bar-shaped, i.e., may be elongate. Both of the word lines 4 andthe bit lines 7 may obliquely cross the cell active regions 3 c.

The cell active regions 3 c may be conductive regions formed byinjecting impurity ions into the semiconductor substrate 1. For example,exposed regions between the word lines 4 may be source regions or drainregions.

The cell insulating isolation regions 2 c may be shallow trenchisolation (STI) may regions formed between the cell active regions 3 c.

The word lines 4 may be of a buried type meaning that the word lines 4are buried in the semiconductor substrate 1. Accordingly, the word lines4 may cross the cell active regions 3 c and the cell insulatingisolation regions 2 c. Furthermore, the word lines 4 may be formed inportions of the cell active regions 3 c and the cell insulatingisolation regions 2 c.

The bit lines 7 may cross the word lines 4 at right angles. The bitlines 7 may be formed above the semiconductor substrate 1. The bit lines7 may each be electrically and/or physically connected to several of thecell active regions 3 c through a plurality of the bit line contactplugs 6, respectively. To this end, the bit line contact plugs 6 may bevertically aligned with central portions of the cell active regions 3 c.The layout of the peripheral region PA is shown simplified for the sakeof brevity.

Referring to FIG. 1B, the bit line 7 may include bit line conductivelayers 7 a, 7 b and 7 c at a lower part, a bit line metal layer 7 d at amiddle part, a bit line capping layer 7 e at an upper part, bit lineside wrapping layers 7 f at side parts and a bit line upper wrappinglayer 7 g at an uppermost part.

The peripheral transistor 8 may include a peripheral transistorinsulating layer 8 a, a peripheral transistor lower electrode 8 b,peripheral transistor conductive layers 8 c, 8 d, and 8 e, a peripheraltransistor upper electrode 8 f, a peripheral transistor capping layer 8g, peripheral transistor side wrapping layers 8 h, and a peripheraltransistor upper wrapping layer 8 i. As shown in FIG. 1B, thesemiconductor device may further include interlayer dielectric layers 9c and 9 p, storage node contact plugs 10 c, and storage nodes 10 n,which are omitted in FIG. 1A.

The bit line conductive layers 7 a, 7 b and 7 c may be spaced apart froma surface of the semiconductor substrate 1 with a height of the surfaceinsulating layer 5 and/or the bit line contact plug 6.

Portions of the bit line side wrapping layers 7 f adjacent to thesurface of the semiconductor substrate 1 may be removed.

Accordingly, contacting areas between the storage node contact plugs 10c and the cell active region 3 of the semiconductor substrate 1 may beexpanded. The bit line contact plug 6 may extend into the semiconductorsubstrate 1. In other words, the bottom of the bit line contact plug 6may be situated lower than the surface of the semiconductor substrate 1.

The bit line contact plug 6 may be partially or completely surrounded bysurface insulating layer 5. The surface insulating layer 5 may comprisesilicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The surfaceinsulating layer 5 may be formed between the semiconductor substrate 1and the bit line 7. That is, the semiconductor substrate 1 and the bitline 7 may be spaced apart from each other by the surface insulatinglayer 5. These elements will be described in more detail later.

Other examples of the embodiment of a semiconductor device according tothe inventive concepts will be described in FIGS. 2A to 2F. In thesefigures, region (d) also includes a core area of the semiconductordevice. The core area, at the left side of region (d), is an areasurrounding the cell area CA and is located between the cell area CA andperipheral area PA. Although the core area and the peripheral area PAmay be significantly spaced apart from each other, the areas are shownadjacent to each other for ease of illustration and description. Thecore area may have various shapes all within the scope of the inventiveconcepts.

Referring to FIG. 2A, this example of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts includes cell insulatingisolation regions 12 c, cell active regions 13 c, and word lines 14 allformed in a semiconductor substrate 11, and a bit line 17, a bit linecontact plug 16 and a surface insulating layer 15 all formed above/onthe semiconductor substrate 11, in a cell area CA. The semiconductordevice also includes peripheral insulating isolation regions 12 p and aperipheral active region 13 p formed in the semiconductor substrate 11,and a peripheral transistor 18 formed on the semiconductor substrate 11,in a peripheral area PA.

The cell insulating isolation regions 12 c and the peripheral insulatingisolation region 12 p may be STI regions, and sizes of the cellinsulating isolation regions 12 c may be variously established accordingto characteristics of the semiconductor device.

The cell active regions 13 c and the peripheral active region 13 p maybe portions of the semiconductor substrate 11, and may include wellregions injected with impurities.

The word lines 14 may each include a word line insulating layer 14 a, aword line capping layer 14 b, and a word line electrode 14 c. The wordline insulating layer 14 a may comprise an oxide material such assilicon oxide, hafnium oxide or another oxide material. The word linecapping layer 14 b may comprise an insulating material such as siliconoxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The word line electrode 14c may comprise doped silicon, metals, metal silicides, or metalcompounds. The elements 14 a, 14 b, and 14 c of the word lines 14 areillustrated as simply shaped so that the inventive concepts may beeasily understood but may have various other shapes.

The bit line contact plug 16 may be formed in a pillar shape or a mesashape. The bit line contact plug 16 may electrically and/or physicallyconnect the cell active region 13 c to the bit line 17. The bit linecontact plug 16 may comprise doped silicon, metals, metal silicides, ormetal compounds. The bit line contact plug 16 may be formed to a firstwidth in the word line 14 extending direction and a second width in thebit line 17 extending direction. The first width and the second widthmay be different from each other. For example, the first width may besmaller than the second width. That is, the bit line contact plug 16 mayhave the shape of a circle, an oval or a rectangle in plan.

The bit line contact plug 16 may be partially or completely surroundedby the surface insulating layer 15. The surface insulating layer 15 maycomprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. Thesurface insulating layer 15 may be formed between the semiconductorsubstrate 11 and the bit line 17. That is, the semiconductor substrate11 and the bit line 17 may be spaced apart from each other by thesurface insulating layer 15.

The bit line 17 may include a lower bit line metal silicide layer 17 a,a bit line barrier layer 17 b, an upper bit line metal silicide layer 17c, a bit line electrode 17 d, and a bit line capping layer 17 e. Whenthe bit line contact plug 16 is of doped silicon and the bit lineelectrode 17 d includes a metal, the lower bit line metal silicide layer17 a may be of a metal to form a metal silicide layer or a metalsilicide. The lower bit line metal silicide layer 17 a may be a metallayer at portions not in contact with the bit line contact plug 16.Accordingly, the lower bit line metal silicide layer 17 a may be amaterial layer including both a metal silicide and a metal. The bit linebarrier layer 17 b may comprise titanium nitride (TiN). The upper bitline metal silicide layer 17 c may comprise a metal silicide or a metalnitride. The bit line electrode 17 d may include the same metal as theupper bit line metal silicide layer 17 c. For example, when the upperbit line metal silicide layer 17 c includes tungsten (W), the bit lineelectrode 17 d may also include tungsten (W). The bit line capping layer17 e may be of an insulating material such as silicon nitride or siliconoxynitride.

The bit line 17 may be surrounded by the bit line wrapping layer 19 c.The bit line wrapping layer 19 c may include a bit line upper wrappinglayer 19 ca and a bit line side wrapping layer 19 cb. The bit line sidewrapping layer 19 cb may be formed into spacer shapes. In the spacershapes, it may be understood that the lowermost width is larger than theuppermost width of the bit line side wrapping layer 19 cb. The bit linewrapping layer 19 c may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, orsilicon oxynitride. The bit line wrapping layer 19 c may also be formedon sidewalls of the surface insulating layer 15.

The peripheral transistor 18 may include a peripheral transistorinsulating layer 18 a, a peripheral transistor lower electrode 18 b, aperipheral transistor lower metal silicide layer 18 c, a peripheraltransistor barrier layer 18 d, a peripheral transistor upper metalsilicide layer 18 e, a peripheral transistor upper electrode 18 f, and aperipheral transistor capping layer 18 g.

The peripheral transistor insulating layer 18 a may be of the samematerial as the surface insulating layer 15. The peripheral transistorlower electrode 18 b may comprise doped silicon. The peripheraltransistor lower electrode 18 b may be formed to occupy the same orsimilar level as the bit line contact plug 16. The peripheral transistorlower metal silicide layer 18 c, the peripheral transistor barrier layer18 d, and the peripheral transistor upper metal silicide layer 18 e maybe of the same materials and/or may have the same widths as the lowerbit line metal silicide layer 17 a, the bit line barrier layer 17 b, andthe upper bit line metal silicide layer 17 c, respectively. Theperipheral transistor upper electrode 18 f may be of the same materialand/or may have the same width as the bit line electrode 17 d. Theperipheral transistor capping layer 18 g may be of the same materialand/or may have the same width as the bit line capping layer 17 e.

The peripheral transistor 18 may be surrounded by a peripheraltransistor wrapping layer 19 p. The peripheral transistor wrapping layer19 p may include a peripheral transistor upper wrapping layer 19 pa anda peripheral transistor side wrapping layer 19 pb. The peripheraltransistor side wrapping layer 19 pb may also be formed in the spacershape. The peripheral transistor wrapping layer 19 p may be of the samematerial and/or may have the same or similar structure as the bit linewrapping layer 19 c. A similar structure may include a similar thicknessor a thickness difference of less than dozens of A. For example, thethickness difference of the structures is less than 100 Å in an exampleof this embodiment. The thickness difference may be over 100 Å due toprocess conditions imposing a heavy burden from a loading effect.Accordingly, the numerical limitations are not absolute. The elements ofthe similar structures may be formed by the same processes during thefabricating of the semiconductor device. Furthermore, it will beunderstood that similar thicknesses refer to thicknesses that differonly within a range of errors due basically only to process variables.The error ranges may be numerical ranges in consideration of processvariations, loading effects, and/or local peculiarities. Conventionally,acceptable error ranges are within ±10% of target values.

In an example of this embodiment, the top surface of the bit linecontact plug 16 may be formed to a higher level than the top surface ofthe surface insulating layer 15. In other words, the bit line contactplug 16 may protrude from the top surface of the surface insulatinglayer 15.

Referring to FIG. 2B, this embodiment of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts includes cell insulatingisolation regions 22 c, cell active regions 23 c, and word lines 24 allformed in a semiconductor substrate 21, and a bit line 27, a bit linecontact plug 26 and a surface insulating layer 25 all formed above/onthe semiconductor substrate 21, in a cell area CA. The semiconductordevice also includes peripheral insulating isolation regions 22 p and aperipheral active region 23 p all formed in the semiconductor substrate21, and a peripheral transistor 28 formed on the semiconductor substrate21, in a peripheral area PA.

The elements shown in FIG. 2B can be understood by referring to theelements having similar reference numerals shown in FIG. 2A. In theexample embodiment, the surface insulating layer 25 may be formed aslamina or multi layers. For example, the surface insulating layer 25 mayinclude a lower surface insulating layer 25 l and an upper surfaceinsulating layer 25 u. The lower surface insulating layer 25 l and theupper surface insulating layer 25 u may be of materials having adifferent etch selectivity from each other, e.g., silicon oxide andsilicon nitride. An example of this embodiment in which both the lowersurface insulating layer 25 l and the upper surface insulating layer 25u are silicon oxide will be described in more detail later. Top surfacesof the bit line contact plug 26 and the surface insulating layer 25 maybe disposed at a similar level. That is, the bit line contact plug 26and the surface insulating layer 25 may be formed simultaneously, e.g.,using the same etching step and/or CMP process.

Referring to FIG. 2C, this embodiment of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts includes cell insulatingisolation regions 32 c, cell active regions 33 c, and word lines 34 allformed in a semiconductor substrate 31, and a bit line 37, a bit linecontact plug 36 and a surface insulating layer 35 all formed above/onthe semiconductor substrate 31, in a cell area CA. The semiconductordevice also includes peripheral insulating isolation regions 32 p and aperipheral active region 33 p formed in the semiconductor substrate 31,and a peripheral transistor 38 formed on the semiconductor substrate 31,in a peripheral area PA.

The elements shown in FIG. 2C can be understood by referring to theelements having similar reference numerals shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Thesurface insulating layer 35 may also be constituted by lamina or multilayers. That is, the surface insulating layer 35 may include a lowersurface insulating layer 35 l and an upper surface insulating layer 35u. A surface of the bit line contact plug 36 may be at a lower levelthan the surface of the surface insulating layer 35. The bit linecontact plug 36 may be formed by using an etching process having anetching selectivity with the surface insulating layer 35 or a CMPprocess.

Referring to FIG. 2D, this embodiment of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts includes cell insulatingisolation regions 42 c, cell active regions 43 c, and word lines 44 allformed in a semiconductor substrate 41, and a bit line 47, a bit linecontact plug 46 and a surface insulating layer 45 all formed above/onthe semiconductor substrate 41, in a cell area CA. The semiconductordevice also includes peripheral insulating isolation regions 42 p and aperipheral active region 43 p formed in the semiconductor substrate 41,and a peripheral transistor 48 formed on the semiconductor substrate 41,in a peripheral area PA.

The elements shown in FIG. 2D can be understood by referring to theelements having similar reference numerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C. Thecell surface insulating layer 45 c may also be constituted by lamina ormulti layers. That is, the cell surface insulating layer 45 c mayinclude a lower cell surface insulating layer 45 c 1 and an upper cellsurface insulating layer 45 cu. The lower cell surface insulating layer45 c 1 may be formed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate 41 andsidewalls of the bit line plug 46. The surface of the bit line contactplug 46 and the surface of the cell surface insulating layer 45 c may besituated at similar levels. The bit line wrapping layer 49 c may beformed on the cell surface insulating layer 45 c. The cell surfaceinsulating layer 45 c may extend onto the peripheral area PA and beformed into a peripheral surface insulating layer 45 p. The peripheralsurface insulating layer 45 p may include a lower surface insulatinglayer 45 p 1 and an upper peripheral surface insulating layer 45 pu. Aperipheral transistor wrapping layer 49 p may be formed on theperipheral surface insulating layer 45 p. The lower peripheral surfaceinsulating layer 45 p 1 may be formed on a peripheral transistorinsulating layer 48 a and/or sidewalls of the peripheral transistorlower electrode 48 b.

Referring to FIG. 2E, this embodiment of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts includes cell insulatingisolation regions 52 c, cell active regions 53 c, and word lines 54 allformed in a semiconductor substrate 51, and a bit line 57 and a bit linecontact plug 56 p formed above/on the semiconductor substrate 51, in acell area CA. The semiconductor device also includes peripheralinsulating isolation regions 52 p and a peripheral active region 53 pformed in the semiconductor substrate 51, and a peripheral transistor 58formed on the semiconductor substrate 51, in a peripheral area PA.

The elements shown in FIG. 2E can be understood by referring to theelements having similar reference numerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2D. Acell surface insulating layer 55 c may be formed on the cell area CA anda peripheral surface insulating layer 55 p may be formed on theperipheral area PA. The cell surface insulating layer 55 c and theperipheral surface insulating layer 55 p may have different thicknessesfrom each other. A line type contact pad 56 l may be formed between thebit line 57 and the bit line contact plug 56 p. The line type contactpad 56 l may be of the same material as the bit line contact plug 56 p.For example, the line type contact pad 56 l may comprise silicon or asilicide. The line type contact pad 56 l may have the same shape as thebit line 57 in plan.

Referring to FIG. 2F, this embodiment of a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concept includes cell insulating isolationregions 62 c, cell active regions 63 c and word lines 64 all formed in asemiconductor substrate 61, and a bit line 67, a bit line contact plug66 p and a surface insulating layer 65 all formed above/on thesemiconductor substrate 61, in the cell area CA. The semiconductordevice also includes peripheral insulating isolation regions 62 p and aperipheral active region 63 p formed in the semiconductor substrate 61,and a peripheral transistor 68 formed on the semiconductor surface 61,in the peripheral area PA.

The elements shown in FIG. 2F can be understood by referring to theelements having similar reference numerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2E. Aline type contact pad 66 l may be formed between the bit line 67 and thebit line contact plug 66 p. The line type contact pad 66 l may be of thesame material as the bit line contact plug 66 p. The line type contactpad 66 l may comprise silicon or a silicide. The line type contact pad66 l may have the same shape as the bit line 67 in plan.

As shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F, the bit line contact plugs 16, 26, 36, 46,56 p, and 66 p may protrude only from or may be recessed in the bottomof the bit lines 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, and 67. For example, the bit linecontact plugs 16, 26, 36, 46, 56 p, and 66 p may protrude only or may berecessed in the lower bit line metal silicide layers 17 a, 27 a, 37 a,47 a, 57 a, and 67 a. Either of these characteristics can be employed inthe various examples of embodiments described herein.

FIGS. 3A to 3C each illustrate a region of a respective embodiment of asemiconductor device, in accordance with the inventive concepts, whereseveral of the bit line contact plugs are provided.

Referring to FIG. 3A, this embodiment of a semiconductor device includesinsulating isolation regions 72 and active regions 73 in a semiconductorsubstrate 71, and bit line contact plugs 76 and bit lines 77 above/onthe semiconductor substrate 71. The elements shown in FIG. 3A can beunderstood by referring to the elements having similar referencenumerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F. The bit lines 77 may each include alower bit line metal silicide layer 77 a, a bit line barrier layer 77 b,an upper bit line metal silicide layer 77 c, and a bit line electrode 77d.

Some of the bit lines 77 are aligned with the contact plugs 76,respectively, whereas others of the bit lines 77 are not aligned with acontact plug 76. The bit lines 77 aligned with the contact plugs 76 havea first width W1 and the bit lines 77 not aligned with a contact plug 76have a second width W2. The first width W1 is greater than the secondwidth W2. That is, according to the inventive concepts, the bit lines 77aligned with the bit line contact plugs 76 have expanded widths. FIG. 3Ashows bit line contact plugs 76 each having the same structure as thebit line contact plug 16 shown in FIG. 2A. However, as will be clearfrom the description below, this aspect of the inventive concept can beapplied to bit line contact plugs having the structures shown in FIGS.2B to 2F.

Referring to FIG. 3B, for example, this embodiment of a semiconductordevice in accordance with the inventive concept includes insulatingisolation regions 82 and active regions 83 in a semiconductor substrate81, and bit line contact plugs 86 and bit lines 87 above/on thesemiconductor substrate 81. The elements shown in FIG. 3B can beunderstood by referring to the elements having similar referencenumerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F.

In this embodiment, each bit line 87 aligned with a bit line contactplugs 86 has a width W3 greater than the width W4 of each bit line 87that is not aligned with a bit line contact plug. That is, again,according to the inventive concepts, the bit lines 87 aligned with thebit line contact plugs 86 have expanded widths. FIG. 3B shows bit linecontact plugs 86 each having the same structure as the contact plug 26shown in FIG. 2B.

And referring to FIG. 3C, for example, this embodiment of asemiconductor device in accordance with the inventive concepts includesinsulating isolation regions 92 and active regions 93 in a semiconductorsubstrate 91, and bit line contact plugs 96 and bit lines 97 above/onthe semiconductor substrate 91. The elements shown in FIG. 3C can beunderstood by referring to the elements having similar referencenumerals shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F.

In this embodiment, each bit line 97 aligned with bit line contact plugs96 has a width W5 greater than the width W6 of each bit line 97 that isnot aligned with a bit line contact plug 96. That is, again, accordingto the inventive concepts, the bit lines 97 that are aligned with thebit line contact plugs 96 have expanded widths. FIG. 3C shows bit linecontact plugs 96 each having the same structure as the bit line contactplug 36 shown in FIG. 2C.

Embodiments of methods of fabricating semiconductor devices inaccordance with the inventive concepts will now be described withreference to FIGS. 4A-L, 5A-G, . . . 24A-I. In these figures, as isclear from the description of the drawings above, regions (a), (b), and(c) are regions, respectively, of the cell area CA of the semiconductordevice. Furthermore, the left side of region (d) is a region of the corearea and the right side of region (d) is a region of the peripheral areaof the semiconductor device.

Embodiment 1

Referring to FIG. 4A, cell insulating isolation regions 102 c definingcell active regions 103 c, and word lines 104 may be formed in a portionof a semiconductor substrate 101 corresponding to a cell area CA of thefinal semiconductor device, and peripheral insulating isolation regions102 p defining peripheral active regions 103 p may be formed in aportion of the semiconductor substrate 101 corresponding to a peripheralarea PA of the final semiconductor device. The cell insulating isolationregions 102 c, the peripheral insulating isolation regions 102 p, andthe word lines 104 may be understood by referring to FIG. 2A. Thesemiconductor substrate 101, the surfaces of the cell insulatingisolation regions 102 c, the peripheral insulating isolation regions 102p, and the word lines 104 do not have to be formed at the same level.However, the same surface levels are illustrated for ease ofdescription.

Referring to FIG. 4B, a first insulating layer 110 may be entirelyformed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate 101, and a firstphotoresist pattern 155 a exposing the first insulating layer 110 on theperipheral area PA may be formed on the first insulating layer 110. Insuccession, in the peripheral area PA, an exposed portion of the firstinsulating layer 110 may be partially removed and formed into aperipheral transistor insulating layer 110 a. In an example of thisembodiment, the first insulating layer 110 is formed of thermal siliconoxide using thermal deposition methods and to a thickness of about 500Å. The thermal deposition methods may be performed in a range of about600° C. to 1000° C. The peripheral transistor insulating layer 110 a maybe variously formed in compliance with standards of semiconductordevices. In the example, the peripheral transistor insulating layer 110a is formed to a thickness of about 50 Å. Then, the photoresist pattern155 a may be removed.

Referring FIG. 4C, a first silicon layer 115 and a second insulatinglayer 120 may be entirely formed. The first silicon layer 115 may beformed to a thickness of about 400 Å. About 100 Å of an upper portion ofthe first silicon layer 115 may include carbon. Even if there are nodescriptions relating to carbon in the examples of embodiments of theinventive concepts, it should be understood that any silicon layers mayinclude carbon in their upper portions. Specifically, any silicon layersto be formed in gate electrodes of the peripheral transistor in theperipheral area PA may include a carbon-containing layer and a noncarbon-containing layer. The first silicon layer 115 including carbonwill be described in more detail later.

In any case, the first silicon layer 115 may be used to form a gateelectrode of the peripheral transistor in the peripheral area PA.Accordingly, an ion injecting process may be performed to make the firstsilicon layer 115 conductive. For example, N-type impurities may beinjected in a step of forming the first silicon layer 115 and P-typeimpurities may be injected after the step of forming the first siliconlayer 115. The process of injecting P-type impurities may includeforming an ion injecting mask pattern to expose areas of the firstsilicon layer 115 to be injected with P-type impurities and injectingthe P-type impurities into the exposed areas using the ion injectingmask pattern. Even if the ion injecting process is not mentioned in thedescription of other embodiments, the ion injecting process can beapplied to such embodiments.

The second insulating layer 120 may be formed to a thickness of about700 Å using silicate insulating materials such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS).

Referring to FIG. 4D, a bit line contact hole 160 h may be formed.Forming the bit line contact hole 160 h may include entirely forming asecond photoresist pattern 155 b on the second insulating layer 120 andpatterning the second insulating layer 120, the first silicon layer 115,and the first insulating layer 110 using the second photoresist pattern155 b as a patterning mask. As shown in FIG. 4D, the bottom of the bitline contact hole 160 h may be formed beneath the surface of thesemiconductor substrate 101. In addition, an SOH layer may be includedbetween the second photoresist pattern 155 b and the second insulatinglayer 120. The SOH may include organic resin such as that of aphotoresist. The SOH can improve a planarization property, etchingresistance property, anti-reflection property, etc. of a photoresist. Inembodiments according to the inventive concepts, any photoresist patternmay include an SOH layer. The SOH layer may be removed by the samemethods as methods of removing any photoresist. Successively, the secondphotoresist pattern may be removed. A silicon treatment process may beperformed before removing the second photoresist pattern 155 b. Thesilicon treatment process may make a silicon surface in good conditionby lightly etching or cleaning the exposed surface of the semiconductorsubstrate. In general, during the silicon treatment process, a materialto be treated may be slightly removed, for example, less than about 100Å. The silicon treatment process may be performed after forming acontact hole in other embodiments. After removing the second photoresistpattern 155 b, an ozone strip process to remove by-products, residues ofthe second photoresist pattern 155 b and the SOH and/or other materialsmay be performed. The ozone strip process may be performed in a plasmachamber using ozone plasma. Then, a cleaning process to remove anynative oxides and/or any contaminating substances may be performed. Forexample, the cleaning process may include a wet cleaning process forabout 10 seconds using an SC-1 solution and/or for about 180 secondsusing a diluted fluoric acid solution. The SC-1 solution may includehydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ammonia (NH₄OH), and de-ionized water invarious ratios and the diluted fluoric acid solution may include fluoricacid and water in various ratios.

Referring to FIG. 4E, a second silicon layer 125 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to completely fill the bit line contact hole160 h.

Referring to FIG. 4F, a CMP process or etch back process may beperformed to form the second silicon layer 125 into a bit line contactplug 160 p. Simultaneously, the overall thickness of the secondinsulating layer 120 may be thinned and the second insulating layer 120may be formed into a second thinned insulating layer 120 a. An uppersurface of the bit line contact plug 160 p may be formed level with orlower than a surface of the second thinned insulating layer 120 a.

Referring to FIG. 4G, a third insulating layer 130 may be entirelyformed. The third insulating layer 130 may be formed of silicon oxide toa thickness of about 2000 Å. In the case in which the third insulatinglayer 130 is of the same material as the underlying layer, i.e., thesecond thinned insulating layer 120 a, an interface between the secondthinned insulating layer 120 a and the third insulating layer 130 ispractically indiscernable. Thus, such an interface will be illustratedusing broken lines. That is, it can be said, that once the thirdinsulating layer 130 is realized, any discernable interface between thelayers 130 and 120 a “no longer exists”. When the second thinnedinsulating layer 120 a and the third insulating layer 130 are formed ofdifferent materials, a discernable interface will of course exist.

Referring to FIG. 4H, surfaces of the bit line contact plug 160 p andthe first silicon layer 115 may be exposed by entirely removing thethird insulating layer 130 using a CMP method and an etch back method. Afirst planarized silicon layer 115 a may be formed in the cell area CAand a third planarized insulating layer 130 a may remain in theperipheral area PA. Specifically, a top surface level of the firstplanarized silicon layer 115 a in the cell area CA and a top surfacelevel of the third planarized insulating layer 130 a in the peripheralarea PA may be similar to each other. As a result of the process, thefirst planarized silicon layer 115 a may be thinner than the firstsilicon layer 115. The second thinned insulating layer 120 a may beformed into a second thinned peripheral insulating layer 120 b in theperipheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 4I, a first peripheral silicon layer 115 b may beformed by removing an upper portion of the bit line contact plug 160 pand the first planarized silicon layer 115 a in the cell area CA. Asecond twice-thinned peripheral insulating layer 120 c may be formed byremoving about 100 Å of an upper portion of the second thinnedperipheral insulating layer 120 b in the peripheral area PA. The topsurface of the bit line contact plug 160 p may be lower than the topsurface of the first insulating layer 110 in the cell area CA. In FIG.4I, the top surface level of the bit line contact plug 160 p and the topsurface level of the first insulating layer 110 are shown coplanarsimply for ease of description and understanding.

Referring to FIG. 4J, by removing portions of the first insulating layer110 and the second thinned peripheral insulating layer 120 c using a wetetching method, a first thinned cell insulating layer 110 b may beformed in the cell area CA and the first peripheral silicon layer 115 bmay be exposed in the peripheral area PA. In the results of performingthe process, the bit line contact plug 160 p may protrude from the topof the first thinned cell insulating layer 110 b in the cell area CA.The first peripheral silicon layer 115 b may protrude from the top ofthe first thinned cell insulating layer 110 b in the peripheral area PA.In the process, the process recipes may be optimized such that the topsurface of the bit line contact plug 160 p may be level with or lowerthan the surface of the first thinned cell insulating layer 110 b. Theoptimized process will be described in other example embodiments. Inaddition, a removed amount of the first insulating layer 110 or a heightdifference between the surface of the first insulating layer 110 and thetop surface of the bit line contact plug 160 p may be adjusted to about200 Å.

Referring to FIG. 4K, an interconnection layer 170 may be formed. Theinterconnection layer 170 may include a lower metal layer 172, a barrierlayer 174 a, an upper metal layer 174 b, an interconnection electrodelayer 176 and an interconnection capping layer 178. The lower metallayer 172 may be formed into a metal silicide layer by silicidationreacting on the bit line contact plug 160 p and the first peripheralsilicon layer 115 b. That is, the lower metal layer 172 may be ametallic layer for forming a metal silicide layer. The lower metal layermay be formed to a thickness of about 80 Å. The barrier layer 174 a maycomprise a titanium nitride (TiN) layer. The upper metal layer 174 b maycomprise a metal silicide layer or a metallic layer for forming themetal silicide layer. The total thickness of the barrier layer 174 a andthe upper metal layer 174 b may be about 100 Å. In any of theembodiments, the upper metal layer 174 b may be omitted.

The interconnection electrode layer 176 may be formed into a bit line inthe cell area CA and a gate metal electrode corresponding to an upperelectrode of a peripheral transistor in the peripheral area PA. Theinterconnection electrode layer 176 may comprise at least one oftungsten (W), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru),iridium (Ir), or other metals. The interconnection electrode layer 176may be formed to a thickness of about 500 Å. The interconnection cappinglayer 178 may comprise a layer of silicon nitride having a thickness ofabout 1300 Å. The above thicknesses are not absolute but relative inaccordance with the disclosed embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 4L, by performing a patterning process, a bit linepattern 170BL may be formed in the cell area CA and a peripheraltransistor pattern 170PT may be formed in the peripheral area PA. Brokenlines in FIG. 4L illustrate the obliqueness of the bit line pattern170BL (as shown in FIG. 1a ). The patterning process may include aphotolithography process and an etching process. Then, by performing aprocess to form a wrapping layer, any one of the semiconductor devicesillustrated in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated. In succession, aninterlayer dielectric layer covering the bit line pattern 170BL and theperipheral transistor pattern 170PT, and storage contacts may be furtherformed. In this way, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS.2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 2

Referring to FIG. 5A, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4A and4B, a first cell insulating layer 210 may be formed to a thickness ofabout 1000 Å and a first peripheral insulating layer 210 a to athickness of about 50 Å.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a first silicon layer 215 and a second insulatinglayer 220 may be entirely formed. The first silicon layer 215 mayinclude a first lower silicon layer 216 not containing carbon and afirst upper silicon layer 217 containing carbon. When a portion of thefirst silicon layer 215 includes carbon, etching resistance of the firstsilicon layer 215 can be improved. The first upper silicon layer 217containing carbon may be formed by supplying carbon ions during anyprocess for forming the first silicon layer 215, or by injecting carboninto the first silicon layer 215 using diffusion methods or implantationmethods after forming the first silicon layer 215. The first lowersilicon layer 216 may be formed to a thickness of about 300 Å and thefirst upper silicon layer 217 may be formed to a thickness of about 100Å. When the first silicon layer 215 in the peripheral area PA is a gateelectrode of a PMOS transistor, a process of injecting P-type impuritiesmay be performed before forming the second insulating layer 220. Thesecond insulating layer 220 may be formed of silicon nitride to athickness similar to that of the first silicon layer 215.

Referring to FIG. 5C, a first photoresist pattern 255 a exposing thecell area CA and covering a portion of the peripheral area PA may beformed. A second peripheral insulating layer 220 a in the cell area CAmay be formed by selectively removing exposed portions of the secondinsulating layer 220 using the first photoresist pattern 255 a as apatterning mask. The first silicon layer 215 may be exposed in the cellarea CA. A wet etching process using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) may be usedto selectively remove the exposed portion of the second insulating layer220. Then, the first photoresist pattern 255 a may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 5D, a bit line contact hole 260 h may be formed byforming a second photoresist pattern 255 b entirely on the first siliconlayer 215 and the second peripheral insulating layer 220 a, andselectively removing portions of the first silicon layer 215, the firstinsulating layer 210, and the semiconductor substrate 201. Then, asilicon treatment process, removal of the second photoresist pattern 255b, an ozone treatment process, and/or a cleaning process may beperformed.

Referring FIG. 5E, a second silicon layer 225 may be entirely formed toa sufficient thickness to fill the bit line contact hole 260 h. Forexample, the second silicon layer 225 may be formed to a thickness ofabout 1000 Å from a top surface of the first silicon layer 215 or thesecond peripheral insulating layer 220 a.

Referring to FIG. 5F, by planarizing the second silicon layer 225 usinga CMP process and/or an etch back process, a bit line contact plug 260 pmay be formed in the cell area CA and a second thinned peripheralinsulating layer 220 b and a first peripheral silicon layer 215 a for agate electrode of a peripheral transistor may be formed in theperipheral area PA. Here, top surfaces of the bit line contact plug 260p and the first peripheral silicon layer 215 a may be level with orlower than a top surface of the first insulating layer 210.

Referring to FIG. 5G, an interconnection layer 270 may be formed asshown in FIG. 4K. In an example of this embodiment, in which the topsurface of the bit line contact plug 260 p is lower than the top surfaceof the first insulating layer 210, elements of the interconnection layer270 may have recessed or curved shapes. Then, by performing theprocesses of FIGS. 4K and 4L, interconnection layers may be formed. Inthis way, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3Cmay be fabricated.

Embodiment 3

Referring to FIG. 6A, by performing any processes shown in FIGS. 4A and4B, a first insulating layer 310, a first silicon layer 315, and asecond insulating layer 320 may be formed. The first insulating layer310 may be formed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 600 Å. Thefirst silicon layer 315 may be formed to a thickness of about 400 Å andinclude a carbon-containing layer. The second insulating layer 320 maybe formed to a thickness of about 700 Å using silicon oxide, e.g., TEOS.

Referring to FIG. 6B, a bit line contact hole 360 h may be formed byforming a photoresist pattern 355 on the second insulating layer 320 andpatterning the second insulating layer 320, the first silicon layer 315,and the first insulating layer 310 using the photoresist pattern 355 asa patterning mask. An SOH layer 353 may be formed between thephotoresist pattern 355 and the second insulating layer 320. FIG. 6Billustrates one shape of the SOH layer 353. Then, a silicon treatmentprocess, a removing process to remove the photoresist pattern 355 andthe SOH layer 353, an ozone treatment process and/or a cleaning processmay be performed.

Referring to FIG. 6C, a second silicon layer 325 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to sufficiently fill the bit line contact hole360 h.

Referring to FIG. 6D, a bit line contact plug 360 p may be formed byplanarizing the second silicon layer 325 using a CMP process and/or etchback process. As a result of the process, the top surface of the secondinsulating layer 320 may be exposed. Top surfaces of the bit linecontact plug 360 p and the first silicon layer 315 do not have to be atthe same level. However, the same surface levels are illustrated so thatthe inventive concepts may be easily understood.

Referring to FIG. 6E, the top surface of the first silicon layer 315 maybe exposed by removing the second insulating layer 320 using an etchback process and/or wet etching processes.

Referring to FIG. 6F, a second insulating layer 330 may be formed ofsilicon nitride to a thickness of about 2000 Å.

Referring to FIG. 6G, the third insulating layer 330 may be planarizedand/or removed using CMP and/or etch back processes. In the results ofthe process, the first silicon layer 315 may be exposed in the cell areaCA and the third peripheral insulating layer 330 a may remain in theperipheral area PA. The first silicon layer 315 may be formed into afirst thinned silicon layer 315 a by partially removing the top surfaceof the first silicon layer 315. The first thinned silicon layer 315 maybe situated at a level similar to that of the third peripheralinsulating layer 330 a.

Referring to FIG. 6H, the first insulating layer 310 may be exposedafter removing the first thinned silicon layer 315 a using CMP and/oretch back processes. In the results of the process, an upper portion ofthe first insulating layer 310 may be partially removed. That is, thefirst insulating layer 310 may be lightly thinned overall. The thirdthinned peripheral insulating layer 330 b may remain in the peripheralarea PA.

Referring to FIG. 6I, an interconnection layer 370 may be formed byremoving the third thinned peripheral insulating layer 330 b remainingin the peripheral area PA. The processes for forming the interconnectionlayer 370 and subsequent processes may be understood by referring to theforegoing descriptions of the other embodiments. Then, the processesshown in FIG. 4L may be performed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 4

Referring to FIG. 7A, a first insulating layer 410, a first siliconlayer 415, and a second insulating layer may be formed by performing theprocesses shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The first insulating layer may beformed to a thickness of about 800 Å and include thermal silicon oxideformed under a temperature of 600° C. to 1000° C. The first siliconlayer 415 may be formed to a thickness of about 400 Å and include acarbon-containing layer. The second insulating layer 420 may be formedto a thickness of about 700 Å and include silicon nitride.

Referring to FIG. 7B, by removing the second insulating layer 420 andthe first silicon layer 415 using CMP and/or etch back processes, thefirst insulating layer 410 may be exposed in the cell area CA, and thefirst peripheral silicon layer 415 a and the second peripheralinsulating layer 420 a may remain in the peripheral area PA. Topsurfaces of the first peripheral silicon layer 415 a and the firstinsulating layer 410 do not have to be formed at the same level.However, the surfaces are illustrated as formed at the same level forease of description.

Referring to FIG. 7C, a bit line contact hole 460 h may be formed byforming a photoresist pattern 455 and patterning the first insulatinglayer 410 using the photoresist pattern 455 as a patterning mask. In anexample of this embodiment, the photoresist pattern 455 includes an SOHlayer. Then, a silicon treatment process, a removing process to removethe photoresist pattern 455, an ozone treatment process, and/or acleaning process may be performed.

Referring to FIG. 7D, a second silicon layer 425 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 460 h.

Referring to FIG. 7E, a bit line contact plug 460 p may be formed bypartially removing the second silicon layer 425 using CMP and/or etchback processes. As a result of these or subsequent processes, the secondperipheral insulating layer 420 a may be completely removed and thefirst peripheral silicon layer 415 a to be formed as a gate electrode ofperipheral transistors may remain in portions of the peripheral area PA.A top surface of the bit line contact plug 460 p may be level with orlower than the top surface of the first insulating layer 410. A topsurface of the first peripheral silicon layer 415 a remaining in theperipheral area PA may also be level with or lower than the top surfaceof the first insulating layer 410. Then, by performing the processesshown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I, interconnection layers may be formed.In this way, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 5

Referring to FIG. 8A, a first insulating layer 510, a first siliconlayer 515, and a second insulating layer may be formed by performing theprocesses shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 7A. A photoresist pattern 555exposing the cell area CA may be entirely formed. Successively, a secondthinned insulating layer 520 a may be formed by removing the exposedportions of the second insulating layer in the cell area CA. Then, thephotoresist pattern 555 may be removed.

Referring to the FIG. 8B, a second peripheral insulating layer 520 b mayremain in the peripheral area PA by removing the second thinnedinsulating layer 520 a using a CMP process. The first silicon layer 515may be entirely exposed in the cell area CA. Then, the first siliconlayer 515 may be partially removed using a CMP and/or etch back processand formed into a shape similar to that shown in FIG. 7B. Processessimilar to those shown in FIGS. 7B to 7E may be subsequently performed.

Embodiment 6

Referring to FIG. 9A, after performing any processes shown in FIG. 4A, afirst insulating layer 610 may be entirely formed. A first photoresistpattern 655 a that exposes portions of the peripheral area PA may beformed on the first insulating layer 610. A peripheral transistorinsulating layer 610 a may be formed by partially removing the firstinsulating layer 610 in the peripheral area PA using the firstphotoresist pattern as a patterning mask. The first insulating layer 610may be formed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 500 Å. Then, thefirst photoresist pattern 655 a may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 9B, a first silicon layer 615 and a second insulatinglayer 620 may be entirely formed. The first silicon layer 615 may beformed to a thickness of about 400 Å and the second insulating layer 620may be formed of silicon nitride to a thickness of about 500 Å.

Referring to FIG. 9C, a second photoresist pattern 655 b exposing thesecond insulating layer 620 in the cell area CA may be entirely formed.In succession, the exposed portion of the second insulating layer 620may be removed using the second photoresist pattern 655 b as an etchingmask and formed into a second thinned insulating layer 620 a. Then, thesecond photoresist pattern 655 b may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 9D, the first silicon layer 615 may be exposed bycompletely removing the second thinned insulating layer 620 a using CMPand/or etch back processes in the cell area CA. As a result, the secondperipheral insulating layer 620 b may remain in the peripheral area PA.Also, the top surface of the first silicon layer 615 may be partiallyremoved.

Referring to FIG. 9E, the first insulating layer 610 may be exposed byremoving the first silicon layer 615 exposed in the cell area CA. As aresult, a second twice-thinned peripheral insulating layer 620 c and afirst peripheral silicon layer 615 a may remain in the peripheral areaPA. In this embodiment, the thickness of the second twice-thinnedperipheral insulating layer 620 c remaining in the peripheral area PAmay be variously formed in accordance with initial thicknesses of anylayers and/or processes. Then, processes shown in FIG. 7C and beyond maybe performed. Any of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3Cmay be completed by then performing the processes shown FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5Gand 6I.

Embodiment 7

Referring to FIG. 10A, the processes shown in FIG. 4A may be performedto form a first insulating layer 710, and a first photoresist pattern755 a exposing portions of the peripheral area PA. In succession, aperipheral transistor insulating layer 710 a may be formed to athickness of about 100 Å by patterning the first insulating layer 710using the first photoresist pattern 755 a as a patterning mask. Then,the first photoresist pattern 755 a may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 10B, a first silicon layer 715 and a second insulatinglayer 720 may be entirely formed to a thickness of about 400 Å. Thesecond insulating layer 720 may be formed of silicon oxide.Specifically, the second insulating layer 720 may be formed to athickness of about 50 Å using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method.Material layers formed by ALD can be relatively denser than materiallayers formed by other methods. Material layers formed by ALD may havehigher etch resistance than material layers formed by other methods.Accordingly, the second insulating layer 720 can have an etchselectivity with respect to any insulating layer formed thereafter.

Referring to FIG. 10C, a second photoresist pattern 755 b exposing thefirst insulating layer 710 in the cell area CA may be formed, and theexposed second insulating layer 720 and the first silicon layer 715 maybe removed in the cell area CA. As a result, the first insulating layer710 exposed in the cell area CA may be completely removed, may remain asa first thinned insulating layer 710 b shown in the drawing, or mayremain wholly. Then, the second photoresist pattern 755 b may beremoved. In any case, a first peripheral silicon layer 715 a and asecond peripheral insulating layer 720 a may be formed only in theperipheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 10D, a third insulating layer 730 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1000 Å and include silicon oxide, e.g.,TEOS. When the first thinned insulating layer 710 b and the thirdinsulating layer 730 are formed of the same material, an interfacethereof may disappear. In the drawing, the resulting lack of aninterface between the first thinned insulating layer 710 b and the thirdinsulating layer 730 is shown as broken lines. The broken lines will beomitted in drawings that follow FIG. 10D.

Referring to FIG. 10E, a third thinned insulating layer 730 a may beformed by partially removing the third insulating layer 730 using a CMPprocess. As a result of the process, a height difference of the thirdthinned insulating layer 730 a between the cell area CA and theperipheral area PA may be reduced. For example, removed amounts of thethird insulating layer 730 may be about 500 Å in the cell area CA and600 Å in the peripheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 10F, a third photoresist pattern 755 c may be formedon the third thinned insulating layer 730 a, and a bit line contact hole760 h may be formed by patterning the third thinned insulating layer 730a using the third photoresist pattern 755 c as a patterning mask. Then,the third photoresist pattern 755 c may be removed. Before or afterremoving the third photoresist pattern 755 c, a silicon treatmentprocess may be further performed. After removing the third photoresistpattern 755 c, an ozone treatment process and/or a cleaning process maybe performed.

Referring to FIG. 100, a second silicon layer 725 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 760 h.

Referring to FIG. 10H, a bit line contact plug 760 p may be formed byremoving upper portions of the second silicon layer 725 and the thirdthinned insulating layer 730 a using an etch back process. As a resultof the process, a third twice-thinned insulating layer 730 b may beformed. The third twice-thinned peripheral insulating layer 730 c mayremain on the first peripheral silicon layer 715 a in the peripheralarea PA. Top surfaces of the bit line contact plug 760 p and the thirdtwice-thinned insulating layer 730 b may be situated at the same level.However, the top surface of the bit line contact plug 760 p may be at alevel higher or lower than that of the third twice-thinned insulatinglayer 730 b. That is, the levels of the top surfaces of the bit linecontact plug 760 p and the third twice-thinned insulating layer 730 bmay vary in accordance with process recipes of the etch back process.

Referring to FIG. 10I, by performing a pre-cleaning process, the thirdtwice-thinned insulating layer 730 b may be formed into a thirdthrice-thinned insulating layer 730 d and the third twice-thinnedperipheral insulating layer 730 c may be removed from the firsttwice-thinned peripheral silicon layer 715 c. Then, interconnectionlayers and other elements may be formed by performing sequentialprocesses shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G, and 6I. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 8

Referring to FIG. 11A, by performing processes shown in FIG. 10A, afirst insulating layer 810 may be formed. Then, a first silicon layer815 and a second insulating layer 820 may be entirely formed on thefirst insulating layer 810. The first silicon layer 815 may be formed toa thickness of about 500 Å and the second insulating layer 820 may beformed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 200 Å using an ALDprocess.

Referring to FIG. 11B, a first photoresist pattern 855 a exposing thesecond insulating layer in the cell area CA may be formed, and exposedportions of the second insulating layer 820 may be removed using thefirst photoresist pattern 855 a as an etching mask. Then, by removingthe first photoresist pattern 855 a, the first silicon layer 815 may beexposed in the cell area CA and a first peripheral insulating layer 820a may be formed in the peripheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 11C, the exposed portions of the first silicon layer815 may be removed using the second peripheral insulating layer 820 a asan etching mask, the first silicon layer 810 may be exposed in the cellarea CA and a first peripheral silicon layer 815 a may be formed in theperipheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 11D, a third insulating layer 830 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1200 Å and may comprise silicon oxide,e.g., TEOS. When the first insulating layer 810 and the third insulatinglayer 830 are formed of the same material, an interface between thefirst insulating layer 810 and the third insulating layer 830 maydisappear in the cell area CA and an interface between the secondinsulating layer 820 a and the third insulating layer 830 may remain inthe peripheral area PA. In the drawing, the interface of the firstinsulating layer 810 and the third insulating layer 830 is shown asbroken lines to indicate that it no longer exists.

Referring to FIG. 11E, a third partially planarized insulating layer 830a may be formed by planarizing the third insulating layer 830 using aCMP process. A top surface level of the third partially planarizedinsulating layer 830 a in the peripheral area PA may be higher than atop surface level of the third partially planarized insulating layer 830a in the cell area CA. As shown in the drawing, the top surface of thethird partially planarized insulating layer 830 a may slope in the corearea, e.g., the area between the cell area CA and the peripheral areaPA. Since elements in the drawing are shown as simplified, the slope isshown as steep, but the slope may be gentle in practice. As a result ofthe process, the third partially planarized insulating layer 830 a mayremain at a thickness of about 720 Å in the cell area CA, and about 620Å in the peripheral area PA, for example. In addition, the thirdpartially planarized insulating layer 830 a may remain at a thickness ofabout 370 Å in a weak portion of the core area, for example, a cornerarea of the first peripheral silicon layer 815 a. The remainingthicknesses may be the total thickness of the first insulating layer 810and the second peripheral insulating layer 820 a, and an averagethickness in each area, respectively. The interface of the firstinsulating layer 810 and the third partially planarized insulating layer830 a will be omitted in the drawings that follow.

Referring to FIG. 11F, a bit line contact hole 860 h may be formed byforming a second photoresist pattern 855 b, and patterning the thirdpartially planarized insulating layer 830 a using the second photoresistpattern 855 b as a patterning mask. In succession, the secondphotoresist pattern 855 b may be removed. A silicon treatment process,an ozone treatment process, and a cleaning process may be performedbefore or after the second photoresist pattern 855 b is removed. Duringthe silicon treatment process and/or the cleaning process, a thirdthinned insulating layer 830 b (shown in FIG. 11G) may be formed byremoving an upper portion of the third partially planarized insulatinglayer 830 a at a thickness of about 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 11G, a second silicon layer 825 may be entirely formedto a thickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 860 h.In the drawing, a third thinned insulating layer 830 b formed throughthe silicon treatment process and/or the cleaning process isillustrated.

Referring to FIG. 11H, a bit line contact plug 860 p may be formed bypartially removing the second silicon layer 825 using an etch backprocess. As a result of the process, the third thinned insulating layer830 b may be formed into a third twice-thinned insulating layer 830 c. Atop surface of the bit line contact plug 860 p may be situated at alevel lower than that of a top surface of the third twice-thinnedinsulating layer 830 c. Also, processes for wet etching or cleaningsilicon oxide may be performed.

Referring to FIG. 11I, after forming a third photoresist pattern 855 cexposing the third twice-thinned insulating layer 830 c in theperipheral area PA, the third twice-thinned insulating layer 830 c andthe second peripheral insulating layer 820 a may be removed in theperipheral area PA by a wet etching process using the third photoresistpattern 855 c as a wet etching mask. As a result of the process, anundercut U1 may occur beneath the third photoresist pattern 855 c in thecore area or the peripheral area PA. Then, the third photoresist pattern855 c may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 11J, a third thrice-thinned insulating layer 830 d maybe formed by partially removing a top surface of the third twice-thinnedinsulating layer 830 c. The removing process may be performed using adry, wet, and/or cleaning etching process. In the embodiment, forexample, the removing process may be a cleaning process. Specifically,the removing may occur by cleaning the top surfaces of the bit linecontact plug 860 p and the first peripheral silicon layer 815 a. Thecleaning process may use a diluted fluoric acid (HF) solution to removenative oxides remaining on the top surfaces of the bit line contact plug860 p and the first peripheral silicon layer 815 a. In the process, thesurfaces of the third thrice-thinned insulating layer 830 d and the bitline contact plug 860 p may become the same or similar to each other.Then, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I,interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 9

Referring to FIG. 12A, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 11A to11C, a first insulating layer 910, a first peripheral silicon layer 915,a second peripheral insulating layer 920, and a third insulating layer930 may be formed. The second peripheral insulating layer 920 may beformed to a thickness of about 50 Å. The third insulating layer 930 maybe formed of silicon oxide, e.g., TEOS to a thickness of about 1000 Å.An interface between the first insulating layer 910 and the thirdinsulating layer 930 will be omitted in drawings that follow FIG. 12A.

Referring to FIG. 12B, a third partially planarized insulating layer 930a may be formed by performing a CMP process. The third partiallyplanarized insulating layer 930 a may be thicker than the thirdpartially planarized insulating layer 830 a shown in FIG. 11E. Forexample, the third partially planarized insulating layer 930 a mayremain at a thickness of about 800 Å in the cell area CA, about 750 Å inthe peripheral area PA, and about 600 Å in the core area.

Referring to FIG. 12C, after forming a second photoresist pattern 955 b,a bit line contact hole 960 h may be formed by patterning the thirdpartially planarized insulating layer 930 a using the second photoresistpattern 955 b as a patterning mask. In addition, as a result of theprocess, the third partially planarized insulating layer 930 a may behardly thinned or not at all. This shows that the inventive concepts maybe selectively applied.

Referring to FIG. 12D, a second silicon layer 925 may be entirely formedto a thickness of 1000 Å.

Referring to FIG. 12E, a bit line contact plug 960 p may be formed. As aresult of the process, the third partially planarized insulating layer930 a may be formed into a third thinned insulating layer 930 b. Thatis, in the process, an etching process or a cleaning process topartially remove oxide materials may be performed. Furthermore, a topsurface of the bit line contact plug 960 p may be situated at a levellower than that of a top surface of the third thinned insulating layer930 b.

Referring to FIG. 12F, after forming a third photoresist pattern 955 c,the third thinned insulating layer 930 b and the second peripheralinsulating layer 920 of the peripheral area PA may be removed using thethird photoresist pattern 955 c as an etching mask. As a result of theprocess, an undercut U2 may occur beneath the third photoresist pattern955 c in the core area or the peripheral area PA. Then, the thirdphotoresist pattern 955 c may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 12G, a third twice-thinned insulating layer 930 c maybe formed by partially removing a top surface of the third thinnedinsulating layer 930 b. Levels of the top surfaces of the third twicethinned insulating layer 930 c and the bit line contact plug 960 p maybecome similar to each other, i.e., the top surfaces of the third twicethinned insulating layer 930 c and the bit line contact plug 960 p maybecome substantially coplanar. Then, by performing the processes shownin FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G, and 6I, interconnection layers may be formed. Inthis ways, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3Cmay be fabricated.

Embodiment 10

Referring to FIG. 13A, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 11A to11C, and 12A, a first insulating layer 1010, a first peripheral siliconlayer 1015, and a second peripheral insulating layer 1020 may be formed.Then, the third insulating layer 1030 and the fourth insulating layer1040 may be formed. The third insulating layer 1030 may be formed ofsilicon oxide to a thickness of about 600 Å and the fourth insulatinglayer 1040 may be formed of silicon nitride to a thickness of about 600Å. An interface between the first insulating layer 1010 and the thirdinsulating layer 1030 is illustrated in broken lines. The interfacebetween the first insulating layer 1010 and the third insulating layer1030 will be omitted in drawings that follow FIG. 13A.

Referring to FIG. 13B, by performing a planarization process, e.g., aCMP process, a fourth planarized insulating layer 1040 a may be formedin the cell area CA and a third upper portion-planarized insulatinglayer 1030 a may formed in the peripheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 13C, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1055b, a bit line contact hole 1060 h may be formed by pattering the fourthplanarized insulating layer 1040 a and the third upperportion-planarized insulating layer 1030 a using the second photoresistpattern 1055 b as a patterning mask. Then the second photoresist pattern1055 b may be removed. Before or after removing the second photoresistpattern 1055 b, a silicon treatment process may be performed. Afterremoving the second photoresist pattern 1055 b, an ozone treatmentprocess and a cleaning process may be further performed.

Referring to FIG. 13D, a second silicon layer 1025 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 1060 h.

Referring to FIG. 13E, a bit line contact plug 1060 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1025 on the third upperportion-planarized insulating layer 1030 a using an etch back process.As a result of the process, the fourth planarized insulating layer 1040a may be removed completely. Furthermore, the third upperportion-planarized insulating layer 1030 a may be formed into thirdthinned insulating layer 1030 b.

Referring to FIG. 13F, the third thinned insulating layer 1030 bremaining in the peripheral area PA may be removed. As a result of theprocess, the level of a surface of the thinned insulating layer 1030 cin the cell area CA may be similar to the level of a surface of the bitline contact plug 1060 p. Then, by performing the processes shown inFIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In thisway, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may befabricated.

Embodiment 11

Referring to FIG. 14A, by performing the processes referring to FIGS.11A to 11C and 12A, a first insulating layer 1110, a first peripheralsilicon layer 1115, and a second peripheral insulating layer 1120 may beformed. In succession, a third insulating layer 1130 may be entirelyformed. The third insulating layer 1130 may be formed to a thickness ofabout 800 to 1200 Å and comprise an oxide, e.g., TEOS or a flowablechemical vapor deposition (F-CVD) oxide. An interface between the firstinsulating layer 1110 and the third insulating layer 1130 will beomitted in drawings that follow FIG. 14A.

Referring to FIG. 14B, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1155 bon the third insulating layer 1130, a bit line contact hole 1160 h maybe formed by patterning the third insulating layer 1130 using the secondphotoresist pattern 1155 b as a patterning mask. Then, the secondphotoresist pattern 1055 b may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 14C, a second silicon layer 1125 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1000 Å to completely fill the bit linecontact hole 1160 h.

Referring to FIG. 14D, a bit line contact plug 1160 p may be formed bypartially or entirely removing the second silicon layer 1125, the thirdinsulating layer 1130, and the second peripheral insulating layer 1020using CMP or etch back processes. The third insulating layer 1130 may beformed into a third thinned insulating layer 1130 a in the cell area CA,and the first silicon layer 1115 may be exposed in the peripheral areaPA. The planarizing processes for removing the second silicon layer1125, the third insulating layer 1130 and the second insulating layer1120 may be performed sequentially or simultaneously. The results of theCMP process can vary according to characteristics of slurries.Accordingly, any of various processes may be combined to obtain resultssimilar to those shown in the drawing. In addition, a cleaning processmay be performed after the CMP process or the etch-back process. Then,by performing the processes referring FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I,interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 12

Referring to FIG. 15A, after forming a first insulating layer 1210 byperforming the processes shown in FIG. 10A, a first silicon layer 1215and a second insulating layer 1220 may be entirely formed. The firstsilicon layer 1215 may be formed to a thickness of about 400 Å. Thesecond insulating layer 1220 may be formed of silicon oxide to athickness of about 200 Å by performing an ALD process.

Referring to FIG. 15B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1255 aexposing the second insulating layer 1220 in the cell area CA, a secondperipheral insulating layer 1220 a may be formed by removing the exposedsecond insulating layer 1220 using the first photoresist pattern 1255 aas a patterning mask. Then, by removing the first photoresist pattern1255 a, the first silicon layer 1215 may be exposed in the cell area CAand a second peripheral insulating layer 1220 a may be exposed in theperipheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 15C, a first peripheral silicon layer 1215 a may beformed by removing the exposed first silicon layer 1215 in the cell areaCA using the second peripheral insulating layer 1220 a as a patterningmask. The first insulating layer 1210 may be exposed in the cell areaCA. The second peripheral insulating layer 1220 a may be thinned duringthe removing process. That is, the second peripheral insulating layer1220 a may be formed into a second thinned peripheral insulating layer1220 b.

Referring to FIG. 15D, a third insulating layer 1230 may be entirelyformed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 1200 Å. In the drawing,an interface between the first insulating layer 1210 and the thirdinsulating layer 1230 are shown as broken lines to indicate that it nolonger exists. The broken lines will be omitted in the drawings thatfollow FIG. 15D.

Referring to FIG. 15E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1255 bexposing the third insulating layer 1230 in the peripheral area PA, athird partially etched insulating layer 1230 a may be formed bypartially etching the exposed third insulating layer 1230 using thesecond photoresist pattern 1255 b as a patterning mask. The surfacelevels of the third partially etched insulating layer 1230 a may besimilar in the cell area CA and the peripheral area PA. Then the secondphotoresist pattern 1255 b may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 15F, the third partially etched insulating layer 1230a may be formed into a third planarized insulating layer 1230 b by aplanarizing process, e.g., a CMP process.

Referring to FIG. 15G, after forming a third photoresist pattern 1255 c,a bit line contact hole 1260 h may be formed by patterning the thirdplanarized insulating layer 1230 b using the third photoresist pattern1255 c as a patterning mask. Then, the third photoresist pattern 1255 cmay be removed. A silicon treatment process may be performed beforeremoving the third photoresist pattern 1255 c. An ozone treatmentprocess and a cleaning process may be performed after removing the thirdphotoresist pattern 1255 c.

Referring to FIG. 15H, second silicon layer 1225 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to completely fill the bit line contact hole1260 h.

Referring to the FIG. 15I, a bit line contact plug 1260 p may be formedby partially removing the second silicon layer 1225 using CMP or etchback processes. As a result of the process, the third planarizedinsulating layer 1230 b may be formed into a third thinned insulatinglayer 1230 c. A top surface of the bit line contact plug 1260 p may belower than a top surface of the third thinned insulating layer 1230 c.

Referring to FIG. 15J, a third twice-thinned insulating layer 1230 d maybe formed by partially or entirely removing the second thinnedinsulating layer 1230 c and the second peripheral insulating layer 1220b. Top surfaces of the third twice-thinned insulating layer 1230 d andthe bit line contact plug 1260 p may be similar to each other. Then, byperforming the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I,interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 13

Referring to FIG. 16A, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 15A to15D, a first insulating layer 1310, a first silicon layer 1315, and asecond insulating layer 1320 may be formed. Then, a third insulatinglayer 1330 may be formed by performing a planarizing process, e.g., aCMP process. After performing the planarizing process, the thirdinsulating layer 1330 may remain at a thickness of about 800 Å in thecell area CA and relatively thicker in the peripheral area PA. Aninterface between the first insulating layer 1310 and the thirdinsulating layer 1330 is shown in broken lines to indicate that it nolonger exists. The broken lines will be omitted in the drawings thatfollow FIG. 16A.

Referring to FIG. 16B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1355 a,a bit line contact hole 1360 h may be formed by patterning the thirdinsulating layer 1330 using the first photoresist pattern 1355 a as apatterning mask. Then, the first photoresist pattern 1355 a may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before removingthe first photoresist pattern 1355 a.

Referring to FIG. 16C, a second silicon layer 1325 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to completely fill the bit line contact hole1360 h.

Referring to FIG. 16D, a bit line contact plug 1360 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1325 using an etch back process. Thethird insulating layer 1330 may be formed into a third thinnedinsulating layer 1330 a. The level of the top surface of the bit linecontact plug 1360 p may be lower than that of the top surface of thethird thinned insulating layer 1330 a.

Referring to FIG. 16E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1355 bexposing the third thinned insulating layer 1330 a in the peripheralarea PA, the first silicon layer 1315 may be exposed by removing theexposed portion of the third thinned insulating layer 1330 a. As aresult of the process, an undercut U3 may occur beneath end portions ofthe second photoresist pattern 1355 b in the core area or the peripheralarea PA. The third thinned insulating layer 1330 a may be formed into athird cell insulating layer 1330 b in the cell area CA. Then, the secondphotoresist pattern 1355 b may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 16F, a top surface of the third cell insulating layer1330 b may be entirely removed to completely expose the top surface ofthe first silicon layer 1315 in the peripheral area PA. As a result ofthe process, the third cell insulating layer 1330 b may be formed into athird thinned cell insulating layer 1330 c. This process may alsocomprise a cleaning process. Then, by performing the processes shown inFIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In thisway, any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may befabricated.

Embodiment 14

Referring to FIG. 17A, after forming a first insulating layer 1410, afirst silicon layer 1415, and a second insulating layer 1420, byperforming the processes shown in FIGS. 15A to 15D, a third insulatinglayer 1430 and a planarizing material layer 1450 may be entirely formed.The third insulating layer 1430 may be formed of silicon oxide to athickness of about 800 to 1000 Å. The planarizing material layer 1450may be formed to a thickness of 1000 Å or more using a material havinggood planarizing characteristics. Good planarizing characteristics meangood flowabilty. In an example of this embodiment, the planarizingmaterial layer 1450 includes an organic material, e.g., SOH. Aninterface between the first insulating layer 1410 and third insulatinglayer 1430 may be shown in broken lines to indicate that it no longerexists.

Referring to FIG. 17B, a third planarized insulating layer 1430 a may beformed by performing an etch back process. In the process, removingrates of the planarizing material layer 1450 and the third insulatinglayer 1430 may be similar to each other. As a result of the process, theplanarizing material layer 1450 may be completely removed and the thirdinsulating layer 1430 may be partially removed and formed into the thirdplanarized insulating layer 1430 a.

Referring to FIG. 17C, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1455 a,a bit line contact hole 1460 h may be formed by patterning the thirdplanarized insulating layer 1430 a using the first photoresist pattern1455 a as a patterning mask. Then, the first photoresist pattern 1455 amay be removed. A silicon treatment process may be performed before orafter removing the first photoresist pattern 1455 a.

Referring to FIG. 17D, a second silicon layer 1425 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 1460 h.

Referring to FIG. 17E, a bit line contact plug 1460 p may be formed byentirely removing the second silicon layer 1425 using an etch backprocess. The third planarized insulating layer 1430 a may be formed intoa third thinned insulating layer 1430 b. At this time, a top surface ofthe bit line contact plug 1460 p may be situated at a level lower thanthat of a top surface of the third thinned insulating layer 1430 b.

Referring to FIG. 17F, upper portions of the third thinned insulatinglayer 1430 b may be removed to completely expose the top surface of thefirst silicon layer 1410 in the peripheral area PA. As a result of theprocess, the third thinned insulating layer 1430 b may be formed into athird twice-thinned insulating layer 1430 c. The surface levels of thebit line contact plug 1460 p and the third thinned insulating layer 1430c may become similar to each other. The process may comprise a cleaningprocess. Then, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 15

Referring to FIG. 18A, a first insulating layer 1510 a, a first siliconlayer 1515, and a second insulating layer 1520 may be formed byperforming processes described above. The first silicon layer 1515 maybe formed to a thickness of about 400 Å. The second insulating layer1520 may be formed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 700 Å.

Referring to FIG. 18B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1555 a,a bit line contact hole 1560 h may be formed by patterning the secondinsulating layer 1520, the first silicon layer 1515 and a firstinsulating layer 1510 using the first photoresist pattern 1555 a as apatterning mask. Then, the first photoresist pattern 1555 a may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before removingthe first photoresist pattern 1555 a.

Referring to FIG. 18C, a second silicon layer 1525 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole1560 h.

Referring to FIG. 18D, by removing the second silicon layer 1525 usingan etch back method, the second insulating layer 1520 may be exposed anda first provisional bit line contact plug 1560 p 1 may be formed. A topsurface of the first provisional bit line contact plug 1560 p 1 may besituated at a level lower than that of a top surface of the secondinsulating layer 1520.

Referring to FIG. 18E, by removing the second insulating layer 1520 andpartially removing the top surface of the first provisional bit linecontact plug 1560 p 1 using an etch back process, the first siliconlayer 1515 may be exposed and a second provisional bit line contact plug1560 p 2 may be formed. As a result, the level of a top surface of thesecond provisional bit line contact plug 1560 p 2 may become similar tothat of the top surface of the first silicon layer 1515.

Referring to FIG. 18F, a third insulating layer 1530 may be entirelyformed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 400 Å.

Referring to FIG. 18G, a second photoresist pattern 1555 b exposing thethird insulating layer 1530 in the cell area CA may be formed. Then theexposed third insulating layer 1530 may be removed. As a result of theprocess, the first silicon layer 1515 and the second provisional bitline contact plug 1560 p 2 may be exposed in the cell area CA, and athird peripheral insulating layer 1530 a may be formed in the peripheralarea PA. Then, the third peripheral insulating layer 1530 a may beexposed in the peripheral area PA by removing the second photoresistpattern 1555 b.

Referring to FIG. 18H, the first silicon layer 1515 and the secondprovisional bit line contact plug 1560 p 2 which are exposed by thethird peripheral insulating layer 1530 a in the cell area CA may bepartially removed using the third insulating layer 1530 a as apatterning mask. As a result of the process, a bit line contact plug1560 p may be formed. A first thinned silicon layer 1515 a may remain inthe cell area CA. A third thinned peripheral insulating layer 1530 b mayremain in the peripheral area PA. Then, a cleaning process may beperformed. During the cleaning process, the third thinned peripheralinsulating layer 1530 b may be removed and the first silicon layer 1515a may be exposed in the peripheral area PA. Then, interconnection layers1570BL may be formed as shown in FIGS. 18I and 18J, and the processesshown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I may be performed. In this way, any oneof the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 16

Referring to FIG. 19A, a first insulating layer 1610, a first siliconlayer 1615 and a second insulating layer 1620 may be formed byperforming processes described above. The first silicon layer 1615 maybe formed to a thickness of about 400 Å. The second insulating layer1620 may be formed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 200 Å byperforming an ALD process.

Referring to FIG. 19B, a first photoresist pattern 1655 a exposing thesecond insulating layer 1620 in the cell area CA may be formed. Then,portions of the second insulating layer 1620 exposed by the firstphotoresist pattern 1655 a are removed using the first photoresistpattern 1655 a as an etching mask so that the only remaining portion ofthe second insulating layer 1620 is a second peripheral insulating layer1620 a in the peripheral area PA. Also, as a result of the process, thefirst silicon layer 1615 may be exposed in the cell area CA. Then, thesecond peripheral insulating layer 1620 a may be exposed by removing thefirst photoresist pattern 1655 a.

Referring to FIG. 19C, a first peripheral silicon layer 1615 a may beformed by removing the first silicon layer 1615 exposed in the cell areaCA using the second peripheral insulating layer 1620 a as a patterningmask. In the process, the second peripheral insulating layer 1620 a maybe used as a patterning mask and formed into a first thinned insulatinglayer 1620 b. The first insulating layer 1610 may be exposed in the cellarea CA.

Referring to FIG. 19D, a third insulating layer 1630 may be formed ofsilicon oxide to a thickness of about 1000 Å. For example, the thirdinsulating layer 1630 may comprise silicon oxide having a goodflowability or planarizing characteristics. An interface between thefirst insulating layer 1610 and the third insulating layer 1630 may beillustrated using broken lines to indicate that it no longer exists. Thebroken lines will be omitted in the drawings that follow FIG. 19D.

Referring to FIG. 19E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1655b, a bit line contact hole 1660 h may be formed by patterning the thirdinsulating layer 1630 using the second photoresist pattern 1655 b as apatterning mask. Then, the second photoresist pattern 1655 b may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before or afterremoving the second photoresist pattern 1655 b. An ozone treatmentprocess and/or a cleaning process may be performed after removing thesecond photoresist pattern 1655 b.

Referring to FIG. 19F, a second silicon layer 1625 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to completely fill the bit line contact hole1660 h.

Referring to FIG. 19G, a bit line contact plug 1660 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1625 on the third insulating layer1630. In the process, a third thinned insulating layer 1630 a may beformed by partially removing upper portions of the third insulatinglayer 1630. The second thinned insulating layer 1620 b may be exposed inthe peripheral area PA. A top surface of the bit line contact plug 1660p may be situated at a level lower than that of a top surface of thethird thinned insulating layer 1630 a.

Referring to FIG. 19H, the third thinned insulating layer 1630 a and thesecond thinned insulating layer 1620 b may be partially or completelyremoved. As a result of the process, the third twice-thinned insulatinglayer 1630 b may be formed in the cell area CA and the first peripheralsilicon layer 1615 a may be exposed in the peripheral area PA. Theprocess may also comprise a cleaning process. Then, by performing theprocesses shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I, interconnection layers maybe formed. In this way, any one of the semiconductor devices shown inFIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 17

Referring to FIG. 20A, a first insulating layer 1710, a first siliconlayer 1715, and a second insulating layer 1720 may be formed byperforming processes described above. The first silicon layer 1715 maybe formed to a thickness of about 500 Å. The second insulating layer1720 may be formed of an LD oxide (e.g., LD-TEOS) to a thickness ofabout 150 Å by using a low deposition rate (LDR) process. The LD oxidemay have a better etching resistance than conventional depositionmethods because the LD oxide may be relatively denser than theconventional oxide or oxide made by high deposition rate processes.

Referring to FIG. 20B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1755 aexposing the second insulating layer 1720 in the cell area CA, theexposed portion of the second insulating layer 1720 may be removed usingthe first photoresist pattern 1755 a as a patterning mask. As a resultof the process, the second insulating layer 1720 may be formed into asecond peripheral insulating layer 1720 a in the peripheral area PA, andthe first silicon layer 1715 may be exposed in the cell area CA. Then,the first photoresist pattern 1755 a may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 20C, the first silicon layer 1715 exposed in the cellarea CA may be removed using the second peripheral insulating layer 1720a as a patterning mask. As results of the process, the first siliconlayer 1715 may be formed into the first peripheral silicon layer 1715 ain the peripheral area PA and the first insulating layer 1710 may beexposed in the cell area CA. The second peripheral insulating layer 1720a may be formed into a second thinned peripheral insulating layer 1720 bin the peripheral area PA. Also, the second thinned peripheralinsulating layer 1720 b may be formed to a thickness of about 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 20D, a third insulating layer 1730 may be formed ofsilicon oxide, e.g., LP-TEOS, to a thickness of about 600 Å. The LP-TEOSmay be formed by a high deposition rate (HDR) process. Accordingly, theLP-TEOS may be softer and have a lower etch resistance than LD-TEOS.Obtaining etch selectivity is one of the reasons for using the LP-TEOSor LD-TEOS.

Furthermore, LD-TEOS may be substituted for silicon oxide formed by ALD.An interface between the first insulating layer 1710 and the thirdinsulating layer 1730 may be shown in broken lines to indicate that itno longer exists. The broken lines will be omitted in drawings thatfollow FIG. 20D.

Referring to FIG. 20E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1755b, a bit line contact hole 1760 h may be formed by removing the thirdinsulating layer 1730 using the second photoresist pattern 1755 b as apatterning mask. Then, the second photoresist pattern 1755 b may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before or afterremoving the second photoresist pattern 1755 b.

Referring to FIG. 20F, a second silicon layer 1725 may be formed to athickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 1760 h.

Referring to FIG. 20G, a bit line contact plug 1760 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1725 using an etch back process. Inthe process, the third insulating layer 1730 may be formed into a thirdthinned insulating layer 1730 a by partially removing upper portions ofthe third insulating layer 1730. A top surface of the bit line contactplug 1760 p may be situated at a level lower than that of the surface ofthe third thinned insulating layer 1730 a.

Referring to FIG. 20H, a fourth insulating layer 1740 may be entirelyformed on the third thinned insulating layer 1730 a. The fourthinsulating layer 1740 may be formed of silicon oxide, e.g., LP-TEOS, toa thickness of about 250 Å. The bit line contact plug 1760 p may becovered by the fourth insulating layer 1740. An interface between thethird thinned insulating layer 1730 a and the fourth insulating layer1740 may be shown in broken lines to indicate that it no longer exists.The broken lines are omitted in drawings that follow FIG. 20H.

Referring to FIG. 20I, after forming a third photoresist pattern 1755 cexposing the fourth insulating layer 1740 in the peripheral area PA, afourth partially thinned insulating layer 1740 a may be formed bypartially removing exposed portions of the fourth insulating layer 1740.The fourth partially thinned insulating layer 1740 a may remain at athickness of about 150 Å in the peripheral area PA and about 700 Å inthe cell area CA. Then, the third photoresist pattern 1755 c may beremoved.

Referring to FIG. 20J, a fourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1740 bmay be formed by further removing the fourth partially thinnedinsulating layer 1740 a using an etch back method. The fourthtwice-thinned insulating layer 1740 b may not remain in the peripheralarea PA. The etch back process may comprise a wet etching process. Inthe process, the fourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1740 b may beformed by removing the fourth partially thinned insulating layer 1740 ain the cell area CA to a thickness of about 300 Å, for example. Also, asa result of the process, the bit line contact plug 1760 p and the firstsilicon layer 1715 may be exposed.

Referring to FIG. 20K, a fourth thrice-thinned insulating layer 1740 cmay be formed by annealing and cleaning the fourth twice-thinnedinsulating layer 1740 b. In the process, the fourth thrice-thinnedinsulating layer 1740 c may be formed by thinning the fourthtwice-thinned insulating layer 1740 b to a thickness of about 200 Å. Forexample, the annealing process may be performed at a temperature ofabout 900 to 1000° C. for 1 minute or less. Specifically, the annealingprocess may be performed at a temperature of about 935° C. for 30seconds. Then, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 18

Referring to FIG. 21A, a first insulating layer 1810, a first siliconlayer 1815, and a second insulating layer 1820 may be formed byperforming processes described above. The first silicon layer 1815 maybe formed to a thickness of about 500 Å. The second insulating layer1820 may be formed of silicon oxide to a thickness of about 150 Å usingan LD-TEOS deposition process. As described above, LD-TEOS is relativelydense. Thus, the LD-TEOS has a high etch selectivity.

Referring to FIG. 21B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1855 aexposing the second insulating layer 1820 in the cell area CA, exposedportions of the second insulating layer 1820 may be removed using thefirst photoresist pattern 1855 a as an etching mask. As a result of theprocess, the second insulating layer 1820 may be formed into a secondperipheral insulating layer 1820 a in the peripheral area PA, and thefirst silicon layer 1815 may be exposed in the cell area CA. Then, thefirst photoresist pattern 1855 a may be removed to expose the secondperipheral insulating layer 1820 a.

Referring to FIG. 21C, the exposed portion of the first silicon layer1815 may be removed using the second peripheral insulating layer 1820 aas a pattering mask. As a result of the process, the first silicon layer1815 may be formed into a first peripheral silicon layer 1815 a, thefirst insulating layer 1810 is exposed in the cell area, and the secondperipheral layer 1820 a may be formed into a second thinned peripheralinsulating layer 1820 b. The second thinned peripheral insulating layer1820 b may be formed to a thickness of about 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 21D, a third insulating layer 1830 may be entirelyformed of silicon oxide, e.g., LD-TEOS, to a thickness of about 600 Å.An interface between the first insulating layer 1810 and the thirdinsulating layer 1830 is illustrated using broken lines to indicate thatit no longer exists. The broken line will be omitted in the drawingsthat follow FIG. 21D.

Referring to FIG. 21E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1855b, a bit line contact hole 1860 h may be formed by patterning the thirdinsulating layer 1830 using the second photoresist pattern 1855 b as apatterning mask. Then, the second photoresist pattern 1855 b may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before the secondphotoresist pattern 1855 b is removed.

Referring to the FIG. 21F, a second silicon layer 1825 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole1860 h.

Referring to FIG. 21G, a bit line contact plug 1860 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1825 using an etch back method. In theprocess, the third insulating layer 1830 may be formed into a thirdthinned insulating layer 1830 a by removing upper portions of the thirdinsulating layer 1830. A top surface of the bit line contact plug 1860 pmay be situated at a level lower than that of a top surface of the thirdthinned insulating layer 1830 a.

Referring to FIG. 21H, a fourth insulating layer 1840 may be formed ofLD-TEOS on the third thinned insulating layer 1830 a to a thickness ofabout 200 Å. The bit line contact plug 1860 p may be covered by thefourth insulating layer 1840. An interface between the third thinnedinsulating layer 1830 a and the fourth insulating layer 1840 isillustrated in broken lines to indicate that it no longer exists. Thebroken lines will be omitted in the drawings that follow FIG. 21H.

Referring to FIG. 21I, after forming a third photoresist pattern 1855 cexposing the fourth insulating layer 1840 in the peripheral area PA, afourth partially thinned insulating layer 1840 a may be formed bypartially removing the exposed portion of the fourth insulating layer1840 using the third photoresist pattern 1855 c as an etching mask. Thethinned portion of the fourth partially thinned insulating layer 1840 amay remain at a thickness of about 150 Å in the peripheral area PA andabout 700 Å in the cell area CA. Then, the third photoresist pattern1855 c may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 21J, a fourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1840 bmay be formed by partially removing upper portions of the fourthpartially thinned insulating layer 1840 a using an etch back process.The fourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1840 b may be not formed inthe peripheral area PA. In other words, the first peripheral siliconlayer 1815 a may be exposed in the peripheral area PA. The etch backprocess may comprise a wet etching process. As a result of the process,the fourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1840 b may be thinner than thefourth partially thinned insulating layer 1840 a with a thickness ofabout 250 Å, for example. Also, the bit line contact plug 1860 p may beexposed.

Referring to FIG. 21K, by performing a cleaning process, the fourthtwice-thinned insulating layer 1840 b may be formed into a fourththrice-thinned insulating layer 1840 c. As a result of the process, thefourth thrice-thinned insulating layer 1840 c may be thinner than thefourth twice-thinned insulating layer 1840 b with a thickness of about150□. The cleaning process may be similar to that described withreference to FIG. 20K. Then, by performing the processes shown in FIGS.4K, 4L, 5G and 6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In this way,any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may befabricated.

Embodiment 19

Referring to FIG. 22A, a first insulating layer 1910, a first siliconlayer 1915, and a second insulating layer 1920 may be formed byprocesses described above. The first silicon layer 1915 may be formed toa thickness of about 500 Å. The second insulating layer 1920 may beformed of silicon oxide, e.g., LP-TEOS, to a thickness of about 350 Å.

Referring to FIG. 22B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 1955 aexposing the second insulating layer 1920 in the cell area CA, a secondperipheral insulating layer 1920 a may be formed only in the peripheralarea PA by removing exposed portions of the second insulating layer 1920using the first photoresist pattern 1955 a as an etching mask. As aresult of the processes, the first silicon layer 1915 may be exposed inthe cell area CA. Then, the second peripheral insulating layer 1920 amay be exposed in the peripheral area PA by removing the firstphotoresist pattern 1955 a.

Referring to FIG. 22C, the exposed portion of the first silicon layer1915 in the cell area CA may be removed using the second peripheralinsulating layer 1920 a as a patterning mask. As a result of theprocess, the first silicon layer 1915 may be formed into a firstperipheral silicon layer 1915 a in the peripheral area PA, and the firstinsulating layer 1910 may be exposed in the cell area CA. The secondperipheral insulating layer 1920 a may be formed into a second thinnedperipheral insulating layer 1920 b. Also, the second thinned peripheralinsulating layer 1920 b may be formed to a thickness of about 300 Å.

Referring to FIG. 22D, a third insulating layer 1930 may be entirelyformed of silicon oxide, e.g., LD-TEOS, to a thickness of about 550 Å.An interface between the first insulating layer 1910 and the thirdinsulating layer 1930 is illustrated in solid lines not only indicatingthat the interface is discernable but also that the two layers have anetch selectivity.

Referring to FIG. 22E, after forming a second photoresist pattern 1955b, a bit line contact hole 1960 h may be formed by patterning the thirdinsulating layer 1930 using the second photoresist pattern 1955 b as apatterning mask. Then the second photoresist pattern 1955 b may beremoved. A silicon treatment process may be performed before or afterremoving the second photoresist pattern 1955 b.

Referring to FIG. 22F, a second silicon layer 1925 may be entirelyformed to a thickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole1960 h.

Referring to FIG. 22G, a bit line contact plug 1960 p may be formed byremoving the second silicon layer 1925 on the third insulating layer1930 using an etch back process. As a result of the process, the thirdinsulating layer 1930 may be formed into a third thinned insulatinglayer 1930 a. The level of a top surface of the bit line contact plug1960 p may be lower than that of a top surface of the third thinnedinsulating layer 1930 a. Also, the third thinned insulating layer 1930 amay be formed to a thickness of about 400 Å in the cell area CA andremain at a thickness of about 700 Å in the peripheral area PA.

Referring to FIG. 22H, a fourth insulating layer 1940 may be formed ofsilicon oxide, e.g., LP-TEOS, to a thickness of about 300 Å. The bitline contact plug 1860 p may be covered with the fourth insulating layer1940.

Referring to FIG. 22I, after forming a third photoresist pattern 1955 cexposing portions of the fourth insulating layer 1940 in the peripheralarea PA, the exposed portions of the fourth insulating layer 1940 andthe third thinned insulating layer 1930 a may be completely removed andthe second peripheral insulating layer 1920 b may be partially removed.As a result of the process, a third thinned cell insulating layer 1930 band a fourth cell insulating layer 1940 a may be formed in the cell areaCA, and a second partially thinned insulating layer 1920 c may be formedin the peripheral area PA. The second partially thinned insulating layer1920 c may be formed to a thickness of about 200 Å. Then, the thirdphotoresist pattern 1955 c may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 22J, the fourth cell insulating layer 1940 a and thesecond partially thinned insulating layer 1920 c may be removed using awet etching process. The fourth cell insulating layer 1940 a and thesecond partially thinned insulating layer 1920 c may comprise LP-TEOSand the third thinned cell insulating layer 1930 b may comprise LD-TEOS.Accordingly, the fourth cell insulating layer 1940 a and the secondpartially thinned insulating layer 1920 c may be selectively removed. Inthe process, a removing process to entirely remove a thickness of about400 Å of LP-TEOS may be performed. The third twice-thinned insulatinglayer 1930 b may remain at a thickness of about 200 Å in the cell areaCA.

Referring to FIG. 22K, a third thrice-thinned insulating layer 1930 cmay be formed by performing a cleaning process. The protrudinginsulating layers remaining in the peripheral area PA or core area maybe mostly removed because the protruding shape is less etch-resistantthan other shapes. The third twice-thinned insulating layer 1930 c mayremain at a thickness of about 150 Å. The process may comprise wetcleaning processes using SC-1 and/or diluted HF solution. Then, byperforming the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and 6I,interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 20

Referring to FIG. 23A, after performing a process similar to that shownin FIG. 4A, a first insulating layer 2010 may be formed of siliconoxide, e.g., LP-TEOS, to a thickness of about 1000 Å.

Referring to FIG. 23B, after forming a first photoresist pattern 2055 a,a bit line contact hole 2060 h may be formed by patterning the firstinsulating layer 2010 using the first photoresist pattern 2055 a as apatterning mask. The first photoresist pattern 2055 a may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 23C, a first silicon layer 2015 may be entirely formedto a thickness of about 1000 Å to fill the bit line contact hole 2060 h.

Referring to FIG. 23D, a bit line contact plug 2060 p may be formed byremoving the first silicon layer 2015 on the first insulating layer2010. As a result of the process, the first insulating layer 2010 may beformed into a first thinned insulating layer 2010 a. A differencebetween the level of the top surfaces of the bit line contact plug 2060p and the first thinned insulating layer 2010 a may vary in accordancewith the inventive concepts.

Referring to FIG. 23E, a second insulating layer 2020 comprising siliconnitride may be entirely formed to a thickness of about 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 23F, after forming a second photoresist pattern 2055 bexposing the peripheral area PA, a second cell insulating layer 2020 aand a first cell insulating layer 2010 b may be formed by removingexposed portions of the second insulating layer 2020 and the firstinsulating layer 2010 a in the peripheral area PA. As a result of theprocess, a surface of a semiconductor substrate 2001 may be exposed inthe peripheral area PA. Then, the second photoresist pattern 2055 b maybe removed.

Referring to FIG. 23G, a third insulating layer 2030 and a secondsilicon layer 2025 may be entirely formed. The third insulating layer2030 may be used as a gate insulating layer of a peripheral transistor.The third insulating layer 2030 may include thermal silicon oxide. Inthe example embodiment, the third insulating layer 2030 may be formed toa thickness of about 50 Å. The second silicon layer 2025 may be used asa gate electrode of a peripheral transistor and formed to a thickness ofabout 400 Å. An interface between the second silicon layer 2010 b andthe third insulating layer 2030 is illustrated in broken lines toindicate that it no longer exists. That is, the first cell insulatinglayer 2010 b and the third insulating layer 2030 may be of the samematerial.

Referring to FIG. 23H, a fourth insulating layer 2040 of silicon nitridemay be entirely formed to a thickness of about 500 Å.

Referring to FIG. 23I, after forming a third photoresist pattern 2055 cexposing the fourth insulating layer 2040 in the cell area CA, a fourthperipheral insulating layer 2040 a may be formed only in the peripheralarea PA by removing exposed portions of the fourth insulating layer 2040in the cell area CA. The second silicon layer 2025 may be exposed atportions where the fourth insulating layer 2040 is removed. Then, thethird photoresist pattern 2055 c may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 23J, the fourth peripheral insulating layer 2040 a andthe exposed second silicon layer 2025 may be planarized using a CMPprocess. As a result of the process, the fourth planarized insulatinglayer 2040 b may remain only in the peripheral area PA. A secondperipheral silicon layer 2025 a may be formed only in the peripheralarea PA by removing the exposed portion of the second silicon layer 2025in the cell area CA. The third insulating layer 2030 may be exposed inthe cell area CA. In addition, although not shown, the second cellinsulating layer 2020 a may be exposed.

Referring to FIG. 23K, the fourth planarized insulating layer 2040 b,the third insulating layer 2030, and the second cell insulating layer2020 a may be removed. As a result of the process, a first thinnedinsulating layer 2010 c may be exposed in the cell area CA, and thesecond peripheral silicon layer 2025 a may be exposed in the peripheralarea PA. Then, by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4K, 4L, 5G and6I, interconnection layers may be formed. In this way, any one of thesemiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may be fabricated.

Embodiment 21

Referring to FIG. 24A, after performing the process shown in FIG. 4A, afirst insulating layer 2110 may be entirely formed and a firstphotoresist pattern 2155 a exposing the first insulating layer 2110 inthe cell area CA and covering the peripheral area PA may be formed. Thefirst insulating layer 2110 comprising silicon oxide or anotherinsulator may be formed to a thickness to be used as a gate insulatinglayer of a peripheral transistor. For example, the first insulatinglayer 2110 may be formed to a thickness of 50 to 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 24B, a first peripheral insulating layer 2110 a may beformed by removing the exposed portion of the first insulating layer2110 in the cell area CA using the first photoresist pattern 2155 a asan etching mask. This process may comprise a wet cleaning process usingdiluted HF solution. Then, the first photoresist pattern 2155 a may beremoved.

Referring to FIG. 24C, a first silicon layer 2115 may be entirely formedto a thickness of about 300 Å. Furthermore, upper portions of the firstsilicon layer 2115 may include carbon.

Referring to FIG. 24D, after forming a second photoresist pattern 2155b, by patterning the first silicon layer 2115 using the secondphotoresist pattern 2155 b as a patterning mask, a mesa pattern 2160 mmay be formed in the cell area CA and a first peripheral silicon layer2115 a may be formed in the peripheral area PA. The mesa pattern 2160 mwill be formed into a bit line contact plug in the cell area CA, and thefirst peripheral silicon layer 2115 a will be formed into a gateelectrode of a peripheral transistor in the peripheral area PA. In otherwords, the second photoresist pattern 2155 b may be used as a patterningmask for patterning the bit line contact plug in the cell area CA andthe gate electrode of the peripheral transistor in the peripheral areaPA. Then, the second photoresist pattern 2155 b may be removed.

Referring to FIG. 24E, a second insulating layer 2120 of silicon nitridemay be entirely conformably formed to a thickness of about 100 Å.

Referring to FIG. 24F, a third insulating layer 2130 comprising siliconoxide may be entirely formed thicker than the second insulating layer2120. For example, the third insulating layer 2130 may comprise an oxidehaving relatively better flowability, e.g., an F-CVD oxide, silicateoxide, or TOSZ.

Referring to FIG. 24G, top surfaces of the mesa pattern 2160 m and thefirst peripheral silicon layer 2115 a may be exposed by performing aplanarizing process, e.g., CMP. In the process, the second insulatinglayer 2120 may be used as a CMP stopper. The second insulating layer2120 may be formed into a second partially removed insulating layer 2120a to expose the top surfaces of the mesa pattern 2160 m and the firstperipheral silicon layer 2115 a. The third insulating layer 2130 may beformed into a third planarized insulating layer 2130 a. The mesa pattern2160 m may be the bit line contact plugs in other embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 24H, an interconnection layer 2170 may be formed. Theinterconnection layer 2170 may include a lower metal layer 2172, abarrier layer 2174 a, an upper metal layer 2174 b, an interconnectionelectrode layer 2176 and an interconnection capping layer 2178. Thelower metal layer 2172 may be formed into a metal silicide layer byperforming a silicidation process on the mesa pattern 2160 m and thefirst peripheral silicon layer 2115 a in the cell area CA. That is, thelower metal layer 2172 may be a metal layer to form a metal silicidelayer. The lower metal layer 2172 may be formed to a thickness of about80 Å. The barrier layer 2174 a may comprise titanium nitride TiN. Theupper metal layer 2174 b may be a metal silicide layer or a metal layerto be formed into a metal silicide layer. The barrier layer 2174 a andthe upper metal layer 2174 b may be formed to a thickness of about 100Å. In other embodiments, the upper metal layer 2174 b may be omitted.That is, the upper metal layer 2174 b is formed merely as an example ofthis embodiment. The interconnection electrode layer 2176 may be formedinto a bit line in the cell area CA and a gate metal electrodecorresponding to an upper electrode of a peripheral transistor in theperipheral area PA. The interconnection electrode layer 2176 may be ofat least one of tungsten (W), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni),ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir). However, the interconnection electrodelayer 2176 may also be of some other metal. The interconnectionelectrode layer 2176 may be formed to a thickness of about 500 Å. Theinterconnection capping layer 2178 may be formed of silicon nitride to athickness of about 1300 Å. Accordingly, it will be understood that theforegoing thicknesses are merely exemplary.

Referring to FIG. 24I, by performing a patterning process, a bit linepattern 2170BL may be formed in the cell area CA and a peripheraltransistor pattern 2170PT may be formed in the peripheral area PA. Thebroken lines indicate an obliqueness of the bit line pattern 2170BL asshown in FIG. 1A. The patterning may comprise a photolithography processand an etching process. Then, a wrapping layer is formed. In this way,any one of the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 2A to 3C may befabricated. In succession, after forming an interlayer dielectric layercovering the bit line pattern 2170BL and the peripheral transistorpattern 2170PT, a storage contact may be formed.

FIG. 25A illustrates an example of a semiconductor module 2300 inaccordance with the inventive concepts. The semiconductor module 2300includes a module board 2310, a plurality of semiconductor devices 2320or semiconductor packages (at least one of which comprises an embodimentof a semiconductor device in accordance with the inventive concepts)disposed on the module board 2310, and module contact terminals 2330formed in parallel on one edge of the module board 2310 and electricallyconnected to the semiconductor devices 2320. The module board 2310 maybe a printed circuit board (PCB). Both surfaces of the module board 2310may be used. That is, the semiconductor devices 2320 may be disposed onfront and rear surfaces of the module board 2310. Hence, although FIG.25A illustrates the semiconductor devices 2320 disposed on the frontsurface of the module board 2310, this if for illustrative purposesonly.

In addition, a separate semiconductor device may be further provided tocontrol the semiconductor devices 2320. Therefore, the singlesemiconductor module 2300 is not necessarily limited to the number ofsemiconductor devices 2320 shown in FIG. 25A. Also, the module contactterminals 2330 may be formed of a metal and have oxidation resistance.The module contact terminals 2330 may be arranged according to any ofvarious standards. For this reason, the number of the module contactterminals 2330 has no particular significance.

FIG. 25B illustrates an example of an electronic circuit board 2400 inaccordance with the inventive concepts. Referring to FIG. 25B, theelectronic circuit board 2400 includes a microprocessor 2420, a mainstorage circuit 2430 and a supplementary storage circuit 2440 incommunication with the microprocessor 2420, an input signal processingcircuit 2450 for sending a command to the microprocessor 2420, an outputsignal processing circuit 2460 for receiving a command from themicroprocessor 2420, and a communicating signal processing circuit 2470for sending/receiving an electric signal to/from another circuit board,disposed on a circuit board 2410. The arrows show paths along whichelectric signals are transmitted. The microprocessor 2420 can receiveand process various electric signals, output the processed results, andcontrol other components of the electronic circuit board 2400. Themicroprocessor 2420 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU)and/or a main control unit (MCU). The main storage circuit 2430 cantemporarily store data that is frequently required by the microprocessor2420 or data before and after processing. Since the main storage circuit2430 needs a rapid response speed, the main storage circuit 2430 may beconstituted by a semiconductor memory. More specifically, the mainstorage circuit 2430 may be a semiconductor memory, such as a cachememory, or may be constituted by a static random access memory (SRAM), adynamic random access memory (DRAM), a resistive random access memory(RRAM), and their applied semiconductor memories, for example, autilized RAM, a ferro-electric RAM, a fast cycle RAM, a phase changeableRAM, and other semiconductor memories. In addition, the main storagecircuit 2430 may include a volatile or non-volatile RAM. In thisexample, the main storage circuit 2430 includes at least onesemiconductor device or semiconductor module 2300 in accordance with theinventive concepts. The supplementary storage circuit 2440 may be alarge capacity storage device, which may be a non-volatile semiconductormemory such as a flash memory, a hard disc drive using a magnetic field,or a compact disc drive using light. The supplementary storage circuit2440 may be used when a large capacity of data is to be stored, notrequiring a rapid response speed. The supplementary storage circuit 2440may include a random or non-random non-volatile storage device. Thesupplementary storage circuit 2440 may include at least onesemiconductor device or a semiconductor module 2300 in accordance withthe inventive concepts. The input signal processing circuit 2450 mayconvert an external command into an electric signal, or transmit theelectric signal transmitted from the exterior to the microprocessor2420. The command transmitted from the exterior or the electric signalmay be an operation command, an electric signal to be processed, or datato be stored. The input signal processing circuit 2450 may be a terminalsignal processing circuit for processing a signal transmitted from, forexample, a keyboard, a mouse, a touch pad, an image recognition deviceor various sensors, an image signal processing circuit for processing animage signal input from a scanner or a camera, or various sensors orinput signal interfaces. The input signal processing circuit 2450 mayinclude at least one semiconductor device or semiconductor module 2300in accordance with the inventive concepts. The output signal processingcircuit 2460 may be a component for transmitting an electric signalprocessed through the microprocessor 2420 to the exterior. For example,the output signal processing circuit 2460 may be a graphic card, animage processor, an optical converter, a beam panel card, interfacecircuits having various functions, or the like. The output signalprocessing circuit 2460 may include at least one semiconductor device orsemiconductor module 2300 in accordance with the inventive concepts. Thecommunicating signal processing circuit 2470 is a component for directlysending/receiving an electric signal to/from another electronic systemor another circuit board, not through the input signal processingcircuit 2450 or the output signal processing circuit 2460. For example,the communication circuit 2470 may be a modem, a LAN card, or variousinterface circuits of a personal computer system. The communicationcircuit 2470 may include at least one semiconductor device orsemiconductor module in accordance with the inventive concepts.

FIG. 25C illustrates an electronic system 2500 including a semiconductordevice or a semiconductor module in accordance with the inventiveconcepts. Referring to FIG. 25C, the electronic system 2500 includes acontrol unit 2510, an input unit 2520, an output unit 2530, and astorage unit 2540, and may further include a communication unit 2550 andan operation unit 2560. The control unit 2510 can generally control theelectronic system 2500 and the respective units. The control unit 2510may be a CPU or a central control unit, and may include the electroniccircuit board 2400. In addition, the control unit 2510 may include atleast one semiconductor device or semiconductor module 2300 inaccordance with the inventive concepts. The input unit 2520 can send anelectric command signal to the control unit 2510. The input unit 2520may be a keyboard, a key pad, a mouse, a touch pad, an image recognitiondevice such as a scanner, or various input sensors. The input unit 2520may include a semiconductor device or a semiconductor module 2300 inaccordance with the inventive concepts. The output unit 2530 can receivean electric command signal from the control unit 2510 and output theresults processed by the electronic system 2500. The output unit 2530may be a monitor, a printer, a beam projector, or various mechanicaldevices. The output unit 2530 may include at least one semiconductordevice or semiconductor module 2300 in accordance with the inventiveconcepts. The storage unit 2540 may be a component for temporarily orpermanently storing an electric signal to be processed or alreadyprocessed by the controller 2510. The storage unit 2540 may bephysically or electrically connected or coupled to the control unit2510. The storage unit 2540 may be a semiconductor memory, a magneticstorage device such as a hard disc, an optical storage device such as acompact disc, or other servers having data storage functions. Inaddition, the storage unit 2540 may include at least one semiconductordevice or semiconductor module 2300 in accordance with the inventiveconcepts. The communication unit 2550 can receive an electric commandsignal from the control unit 2510 and send/receive an electric signalto/from another electronic system. The communication unit 2550 may be awired sending/receiving device such as a modem or a LAN card, a wirelesssending/receiving device such as a WIBRO interface, an infrared port,etc. In addition, the communication unit 2550 may include at least onesemiconductor device or semiconductor module 2300 in accordance with theinventive concepts. The operation unit 2560 may be physically ormechanically operated according to a command of the control unit 2510.For example, the operation unit 2560 may be a mechanically operatedcomponent such as a plotter, an indicator, an up/down operator, etc. Theelectronic system may be a computer, a network server, a network printeror scanner, a wireless controller, a mobile communication terminal, anexchanger, or another electronic system operated by programs.

According to the inventive concepts, capacitance between a bit line anda cell active region can be reduced by increasing a distance between thebit line and the cell active region. Thus, a semiconductor device inaccordance with the inventive concepts can consume lower electric powerflowing along the bit line and become faster than conventional electricdevices. Consequently, electronic performances of a semiconductormodule, an electronic circuit board and an electronic system having thesemiconductor devices of the inventive concepts can be improved.

Finally, embodiments of the inventive concept have been described abovein detail. The inventive concept may, however, be embodied in manydifferent forms and should not be construed as being limited to theembodiments described above. Rather, these embodiments were described sothat this disclosure is thorough and complete, and fully conveys theinventive concept to those skilled in the art. For example, the sequenceof steps in the embodiments of the methods according to the inventiveconcepts may vary from those described. That is, in some cases stepsthat are described as being carried out simultaneously may be carriedout sequentially instead and vice versa. Thus, the true spirit and scopeof the inventive concept is not limited by the embodiments describedabove but by the following claims. Therefore, unless otherwise specifiedin the claims, the order in which various trenches, layers, elements,etc. are described as being formed, or the fact that trenches, layers,elements, etc. are referred to together in connection with being formed,is not limitative.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: asemiconductor substrate having a first trench and a second trench in acell area; a first word line electrode in the first trench; a secondword line electrode in the second trench; a first word line insulatinglayer between the semiconductor substrate and the first word lineelectrode in the first trench; a cell insulating isolation regionextending beneath the first word line electrode; a bit line on thesemiconductor substrate; and a peripheral transistor in a peripheralarea, the peripheral transistor having a lower electrode and an upperelectrode; wherein the bit line and the upper electrode of theperipheral transistor are at the same level.
 2. The semiconductor deviceof claim 1, wherein a bottom portion of the cell insulating isolationregion is lower than a bottom portion of a second word line insulatinglayer in the second trench.
 3. The semiconductor device of claim 2,wherein: the cell insulating isolation region further comprises sideportions different from the bottom portion; the bottom portion of thecell insulating isolation region is positioned underneath a bottom ofthe first word line electrode in the first trench; the side portions arepositioned adjacent to side surfaces of the first word line electrode inthe first trench; and the bottom portion of the cell insulating regionis thicker than at least one of the side portions of the cell insulatingregion.
 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: abit line contact plug between the semiconductor substrate and the bitline.
 5. The semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the bit linecontact plug and the lower electrode of the peripheral transistor are atthe same level.
 6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cellinsulating isolation region beneath the first word line electrode in thefirst trench is thicker than the first word line insulating layerbeneath the first word line electrode in the first trench.
 7. Thesemiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cell insulating isolationregion extends into the semiconductor substrate to be deeper thanlowermost portion of the first word line insulating layer.
 8. Thesemiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the cell insulating isolationregion surrounds a bottom of the first word line insulating layer. 9.The semiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: a peripheraltrench in the peripheral area; and a peripheral insulating isolationregion in the peripheral trench, the peripheral insulating regiondefining a peripheral active region, wherein the peripheral transistoris disposed on the peripheral insulating isolation region and theperipheral active region.
 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9,wherein the peripheral transistor further comprises an insulating layerbetween the peripheral active region and the lower electrode of theperipheral transistor.
 11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, whereinthe bit line comprises: a bit line electrode; and a bit line cappinglayer capping top and side walls of the bit line electrode.
 12. Thesemiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising: an interlayerdielectric covering the bit line and the peripheral transistor.
 13. Asemiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a firsttrench and a second trench in a cell area; a first electrode and a firstinsulating layer in the first trench; a second electrode and a secondinsulating layer in the second trench; an isolation region beneath thefirst electrode in the semiconductor substrate; a bit line contact plugbetween the first trench and the second trench on the semiconductorsubstrate; a bit line on the bit line contact plug; and a peripheraltransistor on the semiconductor substrate in a peripheral area, theperipheral transistor having a lower electrode and an upper electrode onthe lower electrode, wherein the bit line contact plug and the lowerelectrode of the peripheral transistor are at the same level, andwherein the bit line and the upper electrode of the peripheraltransistor are at the same level.
 14. The semiconductor device of claim13, wherein: the first insulating layer is disposed between the firstelectrode and the semiconductor substrate; and the second insulatinglayer is disposed between the second electrode and the semiconductorsubstrate.
 15. The semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein theisolation region is thicker than the first insulating layer.
 16. Thesemiconductor device of claim 13, wherein: the first and secondelectrodes extend in a line-shaped in the first and second trenches,respectively.
 17. The semiconductor device of claim 13, wherein thefirst insulating layer and the second insulating layer have a similarthickness.
 18. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductorsubstrate having first trenches and second trenches between the firsttrenches; first word lines in the first trenches and second word linesin the second trenches, the first word lines including first word lineinsulating layers and first word line electrodes in the first trenches,and the first word line insulating layers being between the first wordline electrodes and the semiconductor substrate, respectively; isolationregions extending beneath the first word lines, respectively, theisolation regions extending in line-shapes in a first direction, and theisolation regions being deeper than the first word line insulatinglayers beneath the first word line electrodes; a plug on thesemiconductor substrate, the plug being disposed between the secondtrenches; a bit line on the plug; and a transistor having a lower gateelectrode and an upper gate electrode on the semiconductor substrate;wherein the bit line and the upper gate electrode of the transistor aredisposed at the same level.
 19. The semiconductor device of claim 18,wherein the plug and the lower gate electrode are disposed at the samelevel.
 20. The semiconductor device of claim 18, wherein the isolationregions are thicker than the first word line insulating layers beneaththe first word line electrodes.